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IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol. The IPv6 protocol
is also referred to as "IPng" (IP next generation). It provides
the infrastructure for the next wave of Internet devices, such as
PDAs, mobile phones and appliances. It also provides greater connectivity
for existing devices such as laptop computers. IPv6 was designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
to improve upon the scalability, security, ease of configuration,
and network management capabilities of IPv4. The following sections highlight new
IPv6 features available with TOUR 2.0. Additionally, overview information
is included about features available in TOUR 2.0, which have been
available since TOUR 1.0 and/or IPv6NCF11i. HP-UX
11i v1 IPv6 Transport Features New with TOUR 2.0 | |
This section describes new IPv6 transport features available
with TOUR 2.0. netstat
Enhanced to Support the Display of 64-bit MIB Counters:netstat in
TOUR 2.0 has been enhanced (for IPv4 and IPv6) to support the display
of 64-bit MIB (Management Information Base) counters. Thus, some
of the netstat fields have the potential to display widened output.
This can cause a wraparound effect on 80-character displays. IPv6
Transition Mechanism Enhancements:TOUR 2.0 provides several IPv6 transition mechanism changes
from those previously offered. Highlights of these changes are provided
below. There have been no changes to the dual stack mechanism, but
several important changes to the tunneling mechanisms.
The following RFCs are now supported in TOUR 2.0 (the IETF documents
listed below are available at http://www.ietf.org):
RFC 2473 - Packet Tunneling in IPv6
RFC 2893 - Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts
and Routers RFC 3056 - Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4
Clouds Configured
tunneling is point-to-point with addresses assigned to tunnel endpoints: In
conformance with RFC 2893 (which obsoletes RFC 1933) configured
tunnels are pseudo-interfaces with associated addresses. Previously,
when conforming to RFC 1933, tunnels were implemented using special
routing entries. The RFC 1933 implementation did not allow addresses
to be associated with tunnels and hence, routing protocol daemons
were not able to operate over tunnels. To overcome this problem,
RFC 2893 specifies tunnels as IPv6 interfaces and requires them
to be configured with at least (on primary interfaces) link-local
addresses. As a result, the process for configuring tunnels using the ifconfig and route commands and the /etc/rc.config.d/netconf-ipv6 file is different than it was in previous HP-UX 11i v1
IPv6 releases (TOUR 1.0 and IPv6NCF11i). HP-UX server can be configured
as a router in a point-to-point configured tunnel: You
can configure tunneling between the following network nodes: host->router;
host->host; router-> host; and router->router.
In TOUR 2.0, the HP-UX server can perform the role of the router
in the tunnel configuration. Prior to TOUR 2.0 (in TOUR 1.0 for
HP-UX 11i v1 and in base (default) HP-UX 11i v2), the HP-UX server
could only perform the host role. HP-UX server can be configured
as a “6to4” router: Starting with
TOUR 2.0, the HP-UX server can perform the role of a router in a “6to4” configuration.
Prior to TOUR 2.0, the HP-UX server was only able to perform the
role of a host in a “6to4” configuration. IP6-in-IP6 and IP-in-IP6
Support: Starting
with TOUR 2.0, two new tunneling types are supported, IP6-in-IP6
and IP-in-IP6. IP6-in-IP6 tunnel configuration allows transmission
of IPv6 packets encapsulated in an IPv6 header. IP-in-IP6 tunnel
configuration allows transmission of IPv4 packets encapsulated in
an IPv6 header. IP6-in-IP tunnel
configuration allows transmission of IPv6 packets encapsulated in
an IPv4 header. IP6-in-IP represents the tunneling scenario where
isolated IPv6 domains are communicating across IPv4 networks. IP6-in-IP
tunneling is not new in TOUR 2.0, it has been supported in TOUR
1.0 and IPv6NCF11i. Automatic Tunneling using
IPv4-compatible addresses is no longer supported: Automatic
Tunneling using the special IPv6 address type known as “IPv4-compatible
address”, is no longer supported with TOUR 2.0. The IETF
is in the process of deprecating this mechanism in favor of the
generic automatic tunneling mechanism known as “6to4.”
HP-UX
11i v1 IPv6 Transport Features Available since TOUR 1.0 | |
Since TOUR 1.0, the following IPv6 transport features have
been available: Host MLD Support: The
host part of Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol for IPv6
based on RFC 2710 “Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for
IPv6”, is supported. MLD is automatically enabled when
an IPv6 interface is initialized. The Management Information Base
for MLD, based on RFC 3019, is also supported. RFC 2710 specifies the protocol used by an IPv6 router to
discover the presence of multicast listeners (that is, nodes wishing
to receive multicast packets) on its directly attached links, and
to discover specifically, which multicast addresses are of interest
to those neighboring nodes. This protocol is referred to as Multicast
Listener Discovery or MLD. MLD is derived from version 2 of IPv4’s
Internet Group Management Protocol, IGMPv2. One important difference
to note is that MLD uses ICMPv6 (IP Protocol 58) message types, rather
than IGMP (IP Protocol 2) message types. For more MLD information refer to RFC 2710, “Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6”. Router Advertisement: Router
Functionality as specified in RFC 2461 “Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)”, is implemented with a new daemon, rtradvd, and an accompanying configuration file, /etc/rtradvd.conf. The rtradvd daemon listens to router solicitation and sends
router advertisement messages on demand or periodically (as described
in RFC 2461). These advertisements allow any listening host to configure
their addresses and some other parameters automatically without
manual intervention. They can also choose a default router based
on these advertisements. Router advertisement is configured on a per interface basis.
Refer to the rtradvd.conf(4) man page for more information. MC/ServiceGuard Enablement for IPv6 support.
Additional
HP-UX 11i v1 IPv6 Transport Features | |
The following IPv6 transport features are also available as
part of TOUR 2.0 (these were in TOUR 1.0 and have been available
since the first HP-UX 11i v1 IPv6 product, IPv6NCF11i, was offered): IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack: HP-UX
11i v1 IPv6 supports both IPv4 and IPv6 applications. Programmers
can write IPv6 applications that communicate with both IPv6 and
IPv4 peers. Existing IPv4 applications do not need to be modified. Tunneling: IPv6
tunneling enables IPv6/IPv4 hosts and routers to connect with other
IPv6/IPv4 hosts and routers over the existing IPv4 network. IPv6
tunneling encapsulates IPv6 datagrams within IPv4 packets. The encapsulated
packets travel across an IPv4 infrastructure until they reach their
destination host or router. The IPv6-aware host or router decapsulates
the IPv6 datagrams, forwarding them as needed. IPv6 tunneling eases
IPv6 deployment by maintaining compatibility with the large existing
base of IPv4 hosts and routers. Full Ethernet Link Support. IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration. TCP/UDP over IPv6, PMTUv6, ICMPv6, IPv6
MIBs and Sockets APIs. Network Configuration and Troubleshooting Utilities
for both IPv4 and IPv6: ifconfig, netstat, ping, route, ndd, ndp (neighbor-discovery command for IPv6 only) and traceroute. There have also been enhancements to nettl and netfmt for IPv6 tracing and formatting. New netconf-ipv6 file
stores IPv6 settings. The /etc/rc.config.d/netconf-ipv6 configuration file stores IPv6 configuration information
similar to IPv4’s /etc/rc.config.d/netconf file. The /etc/hosts file
now supports IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. The /etc/hosts file contains IP addresses and corresponding host names.
The file can contain IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the same host.
Lookup policies are identical to IPv4. Name Service Switch: /etc/nsswitch.conf is
a configuration file for the name service switch. A new entity, ipnodes, specifies which name services
resolve IPv6 addresses and host names. Refer to the nsswitch.conf(4) man page for more information. The following IPv6-capable Internet Services are
included with HP-UX 11i v1 IPv6 bundled as part of TOUR 2.0: inetd, Internet Services Daemon r- commands (rlogin, remsh, rexec, rwho) name and address resolution resolver routine
The following Internet Services have been IPv6-enhanced (but
are not included as part of HP-UX 11i v1 IPv6 in TOUR 2.0): IS-IS (Intermediate System-Intermediate System)
routing protocol
These IPv6-enhanced products are available separately at http://www.software.hp.com.
Download these web releases if you want to use FTP, Sendmail, or
DNS server to handle IPv6 addresses.
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