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HP-UX System Administration Tasks: HP 9000

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HP Part Number: B2355-90672

Edition: Fourth Edition

Published: August 1999

Table of Contents

Printing History

Additional Information about System Administration

Conventions Used in this Manual

1 Setting Up a System

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Learning about the System Administration Manager (SAM)

Using SAM versus HP-UX Commands
Starting SAM
Using SAM with an X Window System
Using HP VUE
Using SAM with a Text Terminal
Using SAM for Remote System Administration
Granting Users Limited Access to SAM

Adding Peripherals

Tasks After Installing HP-UX and Peripherals

Setting Up Networking
Setting Up the Online Manpages
Setting Up Electronic Mail
Listing Available HP-UX Documentation
Setting Up Non-HP Terminals
Setting Up news

Making Adjustments to Your System

Setting the System Clock
Manually Setting Initial Information
Reconfiguring the Kernel
Removing Unwanted Software Products
Customizing the System and User Environments

Controlling Access to Your System

Controlling Login Access
Controlling File Access
Controlling Usage and Processes with Run-Levels

2 Starting and Stopping HP-UX

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Turning on Peripherals and the Computer

Booting Series 800 Systems

If autoboot is Interrupted or Disabled
Disabling or Enabling autoboot
Selecting a Kernel to Boot
Changing the Primary Boot Path

Booting Series 700 Systems

Determining a Boot Source
Booting From Other Devices
Reviewing the Status of the File System
Booting in Maintenance Mode

Setting Initial Information

Shutting Down the System

Using SAM
Using HP-UX Commands

Determining a Boot Source

Dealing with Power Failures

3 Managing Disks Using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Disk Management Prior to 10.0 HP-UX

Facts about Disk Management Now

What Are Logical Volumes?

Who Should Use Logical Volumes?

An Introduction to the Logical Volume Manager

Useful Facts About LVM
How LVM Works

Planning for the Use of Logical Volumes

Setting Up Logical Volumes for File Systems
Setting Up Logical Volumes for Swap
Setting Up Logical Volumes for Raw Data Storage
Using Disk I/O Interfaces
Bad Block Relocation
Increasing Availability with Alternate Links

LVM Naming Conventions

Naming Physical Volumes
Naming Volume Groups
Naming Logical Volumes
Naming Physical Volume Groups

Managing Logical Volumes Using SAM

Managing Logical Volumes Using HP-UX Commands

Tasks That You Can Perform Only with HP-UX Commands

Extending a Logical Volume to a Specific Disk
Creating the Root Volume Group and a Root Logical Volume
Backing Up and Restoring Your Volume Group Configuration
Moving and Reconfiguring Your Disks
Moving Data to a Different Physical Volume
Reducing the Size of a Logical Volume
Setting Up Alternate Links to a Physical Volume

Solving LVM Problems

Booting When LVM Data Structures Are Lost
When a Volume Group Will Not Activate
Problems After Reducing the Size of a Logical Volume
No Response or Program Output from an Inaccessible Disk
Troubleshooting an Existing SDS Disk

Converting Current Disks to New LVM Disks

Converting a Root Disk
Converting a Non-Root Disk

4 Working with HP-UX File Systems

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Overview of File System Tasks

Determining What Type of File System You Should Use

An Introduction to VxFS

Creating a File System: Necessary Tasks

Task 1. Estimate the Size Required for the Logical Volume
Task 2. Determine If Sufficient Disk Space Is Available for the Logical Volume within Its Volume Group
Task 3. Add a Disk to a Volume Group If Necessary
Task 4. Create the Logical Volume
Task 5. Create the New File System

Mounting File Systems

Mounting File Systems Using HP-UX Commands
Mounting File Systems Automatically at Bootup
Solving Mounting Problems

Unmounting File Systems

Unmounting NFS File Systems
Unmounting File Systems Automatically at Shutdown
Solving Unmounting Problems

Copying a File System Across Devices

Dealing with File System Corruption

Diagnosing a Corrupt File System
Locating and Correcting Corruption Using fsck

Replacing an Existing File System with a Smaller One

If You Are Using VxFS
If You Are Not Using Logical Volumes
If You Are Using Logical Volumes

Resolving Disk Space Problems

Monitoring Current Disk Usage
Extending the Size of a File System Within a Logical Volume
Adding New Disks
Recovering Disk Space

If You Are Planning to Use VxFS

Converting an Existing HFS File System to a VxFS File System
Mounting a VxFS File System Using VxFS-Specific mount Options
If You Have Purchased the HP OnlineJFS Product

5 Using Disk Quotas

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Introducing Disk Quotas

Setting Up and Turning On Disk Quotas

Step 1: Mount the File System
Step 2: Create the quotas File
Step 3: Set User Quotas
Step 4: Turn On the Disk Quotas

Turning Off Disk Quotas

Displaying Limits and File System Usage

Reporting File System Usage
Reporting a Summary of Ownership
Reporting Individual Usage

What To Do When Exceeding a Soft Limit

What To Do When Exceeding a Hard Limit

When Not Using an Editor
When Using an Editor

Checking Consistency of File System Usage Data

Checking Quotas When Starting the System
Running quotacheck Interactively

6 Managing Swap Space and Dump Areas

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

What is Swap Space?

Types of Swap Space
Primary and Secondary Swap

Designing Your Swap Space Allocation

Checking How Much Swap Space You Currently Have
Estimating Your Swap Space Needs
Adjusting Swap Space System Parameters
Guidelines for Setting Up Device Swap Areas
Guidelines for Setting Up File System Swap Areas
Guidelines for Assigning Swap Priority

Adding, Modifying, or Removing Device Swap

Adding, Modifying, or Removing File System Swap

Enabling and Disabling Pseudo-Swap

Configuring Primary and Secondary Swap

Setting Up Dump Areas

How Much Disk Space Should Be Used for Dump?
Configuring Dump Using SAM
Configuring Dump Using HP-UX Commands

7 Mirroring Data Using LVM

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Why Mirror Data?

Guidelines for Managing Mirrors

How Many Mirror Copies Should I Use?
Should My Mirrored Data Reside on Different Disks?
Should I Use I/O Channel Separation?
Should My Mirrored Data Be Distributed With or Without Gaps?
Should My Mirrored Data Be Written Simultaneously or Sequentially?
Which Crash Recovery Method Should I Select?

Creating and Modifying Mirrored Logical Volumes

Using SAM
Using HP-UX Commands

Doing an Online Backup by Splitting a Logical Volume

Achieving I/O Channel Separation

Mirroring the Root File System and Primary Swap

Mirroring Tasks that Must Be Performed Using HP-UX Commands

Moving a Mirrored Logical Volume from One Disk to Another
Synchronizing a Mirrored Logical Volume

8 Disk Striping Using LVM

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

What Is Disk Striping?

What Are the Benefits of LVM Disk Striping?

What Are the Drawbacks of Disk Striping?

Disk Striping Guidelines

Determining Optimum Stripe Size

Creating Striped Logical Volumes

Creating a Striped Logical Volume Using lvcreate

9 Backing Up and Restoring Data

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Determining What Data to Back Up

Determining How Often to Back Up Data

Full Backups vs. Incremental Backups
Backup Levels

Choosing the Type of Storage Device

Choosing the Backup/Recovery Utility

Before Backing Up Your Data

Backing Up Your Data Using SAM

Backing Up Your Data Using HP-UX Commands

The fbackup Command
Creating the Index File on the Local Device

Setting Up an Automated Backup Schedule

Creating an Automated Backup Schedule File
Displaying an Automated Backup Schedule
Activating an Automated Backup Schedule
Deactivating an Automated Backup Schedule
Changing an Automated Backup Schedule

Determining What Data to Restore

Restoring Data From Releases Prior to 10.0 HP-UX

Before Restoring Your Data

Restoring Your Data Using SAM

Restoring Your Data Using HP-UX Commands

Recovering From a System Crash

10 Managing Printers and Printer Output

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Finding Additional Information on Printer-Related Tasks

Overview of the LP Spooler

LP Spooler Tasks

Initializing the LP Spooler
Specifying the Printer Model File to the LP Spooler
Overview of Printer Types
Adding a Local Printer to the LP Spooler
Adding a Remote Printer to the LP Spooler
Adding a Network-Based Printer
Creating a Printer Class
Removing a Printer from the LP Spooler
Removing a Printer from a Printer Class
Removing a Printer Class
Stopping and Restarting the LP Spooler

Other Printing Tasks

Controlling the Flow of Print Requests
Enabling or Disabling a Printer
Controlling the Order of Printing
Summary of Additional Printer Tasks

Solving Common Printer Problems

11 Setting Up and Administering an HP-UX NFS Diskless Cluster

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

What Is an NFS Diskless Cluster?

Reasons for Creating an NFS Diskless Cluster
Terminology

Planning Your Cluster Policies

Policies for the Location of User and Group Data
Policies for the Location of Home Directories
Policies for Electronic Mail

Setting Up NFS Cluster Hardware

Peripherals
Local Area Network (LAN)
Disk Storage

Obtaining Information About Your Server and Client

Getting the Hardware (Station) Address

Installing Diskless Software

Installing Series 700 System Software on a Series 800 Cluster Server

Configuring a Relay Agent

Setting Up the Cluster Server

A Preview of What You Will Need to Do
Help Information for NFS Diskless Clusters
Setting the Policies for a Cluster
Adding Clients to a Cluster

Booting New Clients

What To Do Next

Adding a Local Disk

Administering Your NFS Diskless Cluster

12 Managing System Security

What Tasks Will I Find in This Chapter?

Planning System Security

Obtaining HP-UX Security Bulletins

Setting Up Your Trusted System

Streamlining Audit Log Data
Audit Log Files
Viewing Audit Logs
Guidelines for Administering Your Auditing System
Performance Considerations
Using Auditing in an NFS Diskless Environment

Managing Passwords and System Access

Criteria of a Good Password
Two Password Files
Password Selection and Generation
Password Aging
Time-Based Access Control
Device-Based Access Control
Manipulating the Trusted System Databases
Eliminating Pseudo-Accounts and Protecting Key Subsystems
System Access by Modem

Managing Access to Files and Directories

Using ACLs, chacl, and lsacl
Setting Default Permissions
Protecting User Accounts
Security Considerations for Device Files
Protecting Disk Partitions
ACLs and HP-UX Commands and Calls

Guidelines for Running a Trusted System

Guidelines for Handling setuid and setgid Programs
Guidelines for System Initialization
Guidelines for Trusted Backup and Recovery
Guidelines for Mounting and Unmounting a File System
Guidelines for Handling Security Breaches

Configuring NFS Diskless Clusters for Trusted Systems

Choice 1: Clusters with Private Password Databases
Choice 2: Clusters with Shared Password Databases

Controlling Security on a Network

Controlling Administrative Domain
Verifying Permission Settings on Network Control Files
Understanding Network Services
Using inetd.sec to Restrict Outside Access
Denying Access with /etc/ftpusers
Files Mounted in an NFS Environment
Link-Level Access

List of Figures

3-1 Disk Space Partitioned into Logical Volumes
3-2 Physical Extents and Logical Extents
3-3 File System Space Components
7-1 Mirroring to Different Disks
7-2 Three LVM Disks with Mirrored Logical Volumes
8-1 Two-Way Striping
8-2 Interleaving Disks Among Buses
10-1 Line Printer Spooler "Plumbing" Diagram

List of Tables

1 Title not available (Additional Information about System Administration )
1-1 Title not available (Manually Setting Initial Information )
1-2 Title not available (Reconfiguring the Kernel )
2-1 Booting Sources
3-1 Disk Interface Types and LVM Support
3-2 Commands Needed for Physical Volume Management Tasks
3-3 Commands Needed for Volume Group Management Tasks
3-4 Commands Needed for Logical Volume Management Tasks
4-1 HP-UX File Systems
4-2 HFS vs. VxFS File Checking Following System Failure
4-3 Some VxFS mount Command Options
4-4 OnlineJFS Tasks
7-1 HP-UX Commands Needed to Create and Configure Mirroring
8-1 Steps for Creating a Striped Logical Volume
9-1 Criteria for Selecting Media
9-2 A Comparison of Backup/Recovery Utilities
10-1 Model Files and Corresponding Printers and Plotters
10-2 Additional Printing Tasks
10-3 Printer Problems and Solutions
11-1 Where to Perform Tasks
11-2 Tasks Required by Specific Events
12-1 Audit Event Types and System Calls

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