Adding PC/NT Systems into the Workgroup

Hardware Connections

Adding a personal computer (PC) to a workgroup is much more a logical operation than a physical one. The only requirement from a hardware perspective is to give the personal computer physical access to the other computers in the workgroup. This connection is usually (but not always) a network connection. It could, however, be a modem (dial-in) connection: a telephone-based UUCP connection, or a Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) connection for example.

The requirements of this connection depend on how you plan to interact with the PC (See “Services for Data Exchange with Personal Computers”). For example, occasionally transferring small ASCII files or exchanging text-based e-mail between the users of the PC and the users of your HP-UX computers isn’t likely to be a problem for a serial line because comparatively little data are being transferred between computers. However, if you plan to constantly share X Windows between the HP-UX systems and the PC, you had better have a high-speed connection such as a network connection between the two types of computers, or the performance of your applications will be unacceptably slow (if they work at all).

When connecting the PC to your other computers, you should consider:

The amount of data to be exchanged between the PC and the other computers in your workgroup
How often you plan to access the data on the PC (occasionally? frequently? constantly?)
The type of data you want to exchange (ASCII text? graphics? sound? video?)
How will you exchange the data (file transfer?, shared windowing environment?, electronic mail?)

Configuring HP-UX Systems for Terminal Emulation

The primary reason for having a computer in a workgroup (regardless of what type of computer it is) is so that its users can access the resources of other computers in the workgroup.

A common way to access the resources of another computer is to log into the remote computer using a terminal emulation program such as a utility like telnet.

telnet

The telnet utility is a standard part of the HP-UX operating system, and a telnet client is included in versions of Microsoft’s Windows NT 4.0 operating systems. It is used to log in to a remote system from a personal computer (PC) or an HP-UX system.

The remote system can be a UNIX-based system (such as an HP-UX system), or a PC running telnet server software. Initially, Windows NT 4.0 includes a telnet client program, which can be used to log in to remote computers, but does not include a telnet server application, which would allow other computers to “telnet in” to the Windows NT system. On HP-UX systems, the telnet server software is known as the telnetd daemon.

Using Telnet to Log in to a PC from an HP-UX System

To use telnet to log in to a personal computer from your HP-UX system, you will need to:

Make sure that the PC is running, and reachable via your network.
1. Turn on the PC and boot up the Windows NT operating system.
2. Make sure that your PC has networking services configured, and has a network address (IP Address).

Make sure that the PC is running telnet server software.

Install a version of telnet server software.




	NOTE: Microsoft’s Windows NT 4.0 operating systems do not initially include telnet server software. Commercial and shareware versions of telnet server software are available from a variety of sources.

Configure, and start the telnet server software according to the instructions that come with it.

On your HP-UX system, start the telnet utility and open a connection to the PC you are trying to access. For example:

/usr/bin/telnet
telnet> open vectrapc1.net2.corporate
Trying...
Connected to vectrapc1.net2.corporate.
Escape character is `^]'.
Local flow control off
 
A pleasant telnet server/OS identification message
 
login:




	TIP: You can shorten the connection process by using telnet in non-interactive mode. To do this, specify the name of the PC that you are trying to connect to as an argument on the command line when you start up telnet. For example: `/usr/bin/telnet vectrapc1.net2.corporate`

Log in using the same user name and password as you would if you were sitting at the PC’s keyboard. How you specify the NT domain information will vary depending on the telnet server software that you are using. Follow the instructions that come with your telnet server software or the prompts that the server software gives you during the login process.

Using Telnet to Log in to an HP-UX System from a PC

Make sure that the PC is running, and reachable via your network.
1. Turn on the PC and boot up the Windows NT operating system.
2. Make sure that your PC has networking services configured, and has a network address (IP address).
Make sure that the telnetd daemon is running on your HP-UX system.
The telnetd daemon is not usually run directly. Copies of telnetd are started by the inetd daemon when requests arrive over the network for telnet services. Therefore:
1. Verify that an entry for telnetd exists in the configuration file /etc/inetd.conf; the entry should look like this:
  telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/lbin/telnetd telnetd
2. Verify that the file /etc/services has an entry that looks like this:
  telnet 23/tcp # Virtual Terminal Protocol
3. Verify that the inetd daemon is running. On a networked system running at or above run level 2, inetd is automatically started by the script /sbin/rc.2.d/S500inetd during the boot-up sequence. You can verify that it is running by issuing the following command:
  /usr/bin/ps -ef|grep inetd
On your PC, start the telnet client software.
If you are using the telnet client that comes with the Windows NT 4.0 operating system, you can start the client by:
1. Clicking on the “Start” bar in the lower-left corner of your PC’s screen
2. Clicking “Programs” in the resulting pop-up menu
3. Clicking “Accessories” in the resulting pop-up menu
4. Clicking on “Telnet” in the final pop-up menu
Use the telnet client to connect to your HP-UX system.
If you are using the telnet client software that comes with the Windows NT 4.0 operating system, you can connect to your HP-UX system by:
1. Clicking on the “Connect” menu item in the upper-left corner of your telnet window.
2. Clicking on the “Remote System ...” menu item from the connect menu.
3. Entering the name of your HP-UX system in the “Host Name” field of the resulting dialog box (leave the “Port” field set to “telnet”).
4. Clicking on the “Connect” button in the lower-left corner of the dialog box.

Other Terminal Emulators

telnet is only one of many terminal emulators — sometimes known as virtual terminals — that can be used to log in to remote systems, but in the UNIX world it is a common one.

Another that is often supported by software packages on the PC for interacting with UNIX systems is rlogin. rlogin’s daemon on HP-UX systems is rlogind. Setup and use of rlogin between HP-UX systems and PCs is quite similar to that for telnet, especially on the HP-UX end. rlogin (client or server) software is not part of Windows NT 4.0 operating systems as originally shipped; however, commercial and shareware versions of rlogin can be found for your Windows NT-based PCs.

Configuring HP-UX Systems for File Transfer

Transferring files between computers is a common workgroup activity. When you’re mixing HP-UX systems and PCs in a workgroup, network transfers are usually the most efficient, and sometimes the only, way to transfer files from one type of system to another. Many HP-UX systems are not equipped with floppy disk drives, and many PCs are not equipped with DDS drives or other external file storage peripherals often found on HP-UX systems.

ftp (File Transfer Protocol)

One of the utilities/protocols common to both Windows NT and HP-UX systems is ftp (file transfer protocol). ftp is a client/server protocol. The ftp client is the program you run on your local system to communicate with the ftp server on the remote system.

ftp Client Software

On HP-UX systems, the ftp client is the program /usr/bin/ftp. On Windows NT 4.0 systems you start the ftp client by issuing the ftp command from the command prompt.

ftp Server Software

Shipped as part of the Windows NT 4.0 operating systems for PCs (but not necessarily installed initially) are a group of utilities collectively known as the “Microsoft Peer Web Services.” One of the services in this collection is an “ftp publishing service” that enables you to ftp files to and from your PC while sitting at one of your HP-UX systems. This service is the ftp server that runs on your PC. On HP-UX systems, the ftp server is the ftpd daemon, started as needed by the inetd daemon when ftp requests come in from clients on other systems.

As the name implies, file transfer protocol is used to transfer files from one system to another. Transferring files from one computer to another is a two-stage process. You must first establish a connection with, and log in to, the remote computer; then, you must locate and transfer the files you want to move to or from the remote computer.

Establishing an ftp Connection from HP-UX to a PC




	NOTE: Want to go the other way? See “Establishing an ftp Connection from a PC to HP-UX”. Before starting the following procedure, make sure ftp is set up for the kind of access you need. The default is to allow only anonymous access. If you want to allow individual user access, this is done using the Internet Service Manager.

On your HP-UX system, start the ftp utility by entering the command:
/usr/bin/ftp
Open a connection to your PC using ftp’s open command:
ftp> open vectrapc1.net2.corporate
If the connection is successful, ftp will let you know that you are connected and display information about the PC’s ftp server:
Connected to vectrapc1.net2.corporate. 220 vectrapc1 Microsoft FTP Service (Version 2.0).
If your connection succeeded, proceed to Step 3.

Enter login information

When you have successfully connected to your PC, another message will follow the “Connected to...” message:

Name (vectrapc1.net2.corporate:userx):

This message is actually a login prompt, and there are several ways to respond to it:

Hit Return to accept the default response. In the above example, there are three parts to the displayed prompt:

The word “Name”
The network name for your PC (“vectrapc1.net2.corporate”)
The default user name (“userx”); this is usually the name of the HP-UX account that you were using when you issued the ftp command in Step 1.

If you hit Return, ftp will attempt to log you in to the PC using the same name as you used to log into HP-UX. You will then be prompted to enter your password. If, after noting the following caution, you feel comfortable doing so, enter the password.




	CAUTION: It is important to note here that any characters you type at your keyboard, including your user name and password will be transmitted over the network to your PC unencrypted. Although it is unlikely, especially if your network is strictly an internal network, it is possible that someone could be eavesdropping on your network lines and obtain your login information. If this is a concern to you, we strongly recommend that you use the anonymous login option described in the following text.

Enter a valid account name and password for your PC. If the PC account you want to log in to is different from the user name you used to log in to HP-UX, enter the user name for the PC account at the prompt. You will then be prompted to enter the password for the account. If, after noting the preceding caution, you feel comfortable doing so, enter the account’s password.
Use ftp’s “anonymous login” feature. Because account names and passwords that you enter from the keyboard during the ftp login process are sent to the remote computer unencrypted (making this sensitive information vulnerable to network eavesdroppers), ftp provides a way to access a remote computer using what is known as an “anonymous login”. To use this feature, enter the word “anonymous” at the prompt:
Name (vectrapc1.net2.corporate:userx): anonymous
You will then be prompted to enter a password in a special way:
```
           331 Anonymous access allowed, send identity (e-mail name) as password.
```
Instead of entering the actual password for an account, enter your e-mail address as a way of identifying yourself to the ftp server:
Password: userx@net2.corporate

After successfully entering the PC account information you will be logged in to the PC and placed in the directory designated as the ftp-root directory in your Windows NT configuration.

Using the ftp client’s cd command, remote users of the PC can access:

the ftp-root directory
any of the subdirectories of the ftp-root directory
selected other directories on the PC that have specifically been made available by the administrator of the PC
For information about how to make those other directories available, refer to the online documentation associated with the “Microsoft Internet Service Manager.”

On the HP-UX System - Retrieving a File from the PC

Once you have made a connection and logged in to the PC from your HP-UX system (See “Establishing an ftp Connection from HP-UX to a PC”) you are ready to retrieve a file from the PC.

Locate the file you want to retrieve from your PC. You can use ftp’s cd and ls commands pretty much as you would in an HP-UX shell (sh, ksh, csh, etc.). If it is not in the PC’s ftp-root directory, use ftp’s change directory command (“cd”) to move to the directory on the PC where the file exists.

Determine whether the file you are trying to transfer is an ASCII file or a binary (non-ASCII) file and set the transfer mode accordingly:

For ASCII (plain text) files, set the transfer mode using ftp’s ascii command:
ftp> ascii
This enables character conversions such as end-of-line carriage return stripping to occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

For binary files (graphics files, sound files, data base files, etc.), set the transfer mode using ftp’s binary command:

ftp> binary

This causes ftp to use an eight-bit-wide (byte) transfer rather than a seven-bit-wide (character) transfer. This is very important as most non-ASCII formats are dependent on that eighth bit of each byte. Your binary files will be corrupted if you transfer them using ascii mode.




	TIP: If you are unsure of the format of the file you are transferring (ASCII or binary) set the file type to “`binary`”. ASCII files will not be corrupted if transferred in binary mode; however, end-of-line character stripping will not occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

Transfer the file using ftp’s get command.
Example 1: to retrieve the ASCII file “phone.dat” (located in the subdirectory called “data”, under the ftp-root directory) from the PC:
ftp> cd data ftp> ascii ftp> get phone.dat
Example 2: to then retrieve the graphics file “net2.jpg” from the subdirectory called “pics” (located under the ftp-root directory):
ftp> cd ../pics ftp> binary ftp> get net2.jpg

On the HP-UX System - Sending a File to the PC

Once you have made a connection and logged in to the PC from your HP-UX system (See “Establishing an ftp Connection from HP-UX to a PC”) you are ready to transfer a file to the PC.

Locate the file you want to send. You can use ftp’s lcd and ! (execute a shell command) commands to locate the file on your local system if it is not in the directory that was your current working directory at the time you started ftp. Also, if the file is not in your current directory, you can specify a full (absolute) path name for the file you want to send to your PC.

Determine whether the file you are trying to transfer to your PC is an ASCII file or a binary (non-ASCII) file and set the transfer mode accordingly:

For ASCII (plain text) files, set the transfer mode using ftp’s ascii command:
ftp> ascii
This enables character conversions such as those that handle the differences between how the ends of lines are handled between differing types of operating systems (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

For binary files (graphics files, sound files, data base files, etc.), set the transfer mode using ftp’s binary command:

ftp> binary

This causes ftp to use an eight-bit-wide byte transfer rather than a seven-bit-wide character transfer. This is very important as most non-ASCII formats are dependent on that eighth bit of each byte. Your binary files will be corrupted if you transfer them using ascii mode.




	TIP: If you are unsure of the format of the file you are transferring (ASCII or binary) set the file type to “`binary`”. ASCII files will not be corrupted if transferred in binary mode; however, end-of-line character handling will not occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

Transfer the file using ftp’s send command.
Example 1
To send the ASCII file “phone.dat” (located in the “/var/tmp” directory on your HP-UX system) to the PC:
ftp> lcd /var/tmp ftp> ascii ftp> send phone.dat
— OR —
ftp> ascii ftp> send /var/tmp/phone.dat
Example 2
To send the graphics file “roadmap.jpg” from the current working directory:
ftp> binary ftp> send roadmap.jpg

Establishing an ftp Connection from a PC to HP-UX




	NOTE: Want to go the other way? See “Establishing an ftp Connection from HP-UX to a PC”.

On your PC, start the ftp utility by:
1. Clicking on the “Start” bar in the lower-left corner of your PC’s screen.
2. Clicking “Programs” in the resulting pop-up menu.
3. Clicking “Command Prompt” in the final pop-up menu.
4. Typing “ftp” at the prompt in the window.
Open a connection to your HP-UX system using ftp’s “open” command:
ftp> open flserver.net2.corporate
If the connection is successful, ftp will let you know that you are connected and display information about the ftp server on the HP-UX system:
Connected to flserver.net2.corporate. 220 flserver FTP Server (Version 1.7.111.1) ready.
If your connection succeeded, proceed to Step 3.
If the connection is not successful ftp will let you know that the connection failed. The displayed error message will vary depending on what is the cause of the failed connection:
- ftp: connect: Connection refused
  Possible causes of this error message include:
  Problem: The internet daemon (inetd) is not running on your HP-UX system.
  Solution: The real problem is that the ftpd daemon is not running, but it is usually inetd that starts ftpd on an as-needed basis. inetd is usually started up when you boot your computer. If your HP-UX system is in single-user mode you will need to switch it to a run-level of 2 or higher.
  Problem: The ftp daemon (ftpd) is not running.
  Solution: Verify that there is a valid entry in the file /etc/inetd.conf for the ftpd daemon. The entry should look like this:
  ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/lbin/ftpd ftp -lconf
  Make sure that the entry is not commented out (no “#” in the first column).
  Make the appropriate repairs and use the command
  /usr/sbin/inetd -c
  to have inetd reread its configuration file.
- ftp: connect: Connection timed out
  Possible causes of this error message include:
  Problem: Your HP-UX system is not currently running.
  Solution: Make sure your HP-UX system is turned on, and running (the system has been booted).
  Problem: Your HP-UX system is not currently reachable on the network.
  Solution: Make sure that the your HP-UX system is physically connected to the network and that there are no network outages or breaks between your PC and your HP-UX system.
- ftp: flserver: Unknown host
  Possible causes of this error message include:
  Problem: You typed the name of your HP-UX system incorrectly.
  Solution: Verify that you entered the name of your HP-UX system correctly in the open command. Depending on where in your network structure the system is located with respect to your PC, it might be necessary to fully qualify the HP-UX system name. For example:
  ftp> open flserver
  is probably sufficient if your PC is on your local network segment, but a more fully qualified name, for example:
  ftp> open flserver.net2
  or
  ftp> open flserver.net2.corporate
  will likely be needed to access your HP-UX system if it is located elsewhere in your network (across a router or gateway). If all of the above fail, try using the IP address of the HP-UX system in place of the name. For example:
  ftp> open 15.nn.xx.100
  Problem: Your HP-UX system is not formally known to your network.
  Solution: Make sure that networking services, particularly TCP/IP services have been properly configured on your HP-UX system. The computer must have its own, valid IP address, and you must assign it a valid host name.

Enter login information

When you have successfully connected to your HP-UX system, another message will follow the “Connected to...” message:

Name (flserver.net2.corporate:(none)):

This message is actually a login prompt, and there are several ways to respond to it:

Enter a valid account name and password for your PC. You will then be prompted to enter the password for the account. If after noting the following caution you feel comfortable doing so, enter the account’s password.




	CAUTION: It is important to note here that any characters you type at your keyboard, including your user name and password will be transmitted over the network to your PC unencrypted! Although it is unlikely, especially if your network is strictly an internal network, it is possible that someone could be eavesdropping on your network lines and obtain your login information. If this is a concern to you, we strongly recommend that you use the anonymous login option described in the following text.

Use ftp’s “anonymous login” feature. Because account names and passwords that you enter from the keyboard during the ftp login process are sent to the remote computer unencrypted (making this sensitive information vulnerable to network eavesdroppers), ftp provides a way to access a remote computer using what is known as an “anonymous login”. To use this feature, enter the word “anonymous” at the prompt:
Name (flserver.net2.corporate:userx):anonymous
You will then be prompted to enter a password in a special way:
331 Anonymous access allowed, send identity (e-mail name) as password.
Instead of entering the actual password for an account, enter your e-mail address as a way of identifying yourself to the ftp server:
Password: glenda@net2.corporate

After successfully entering the HP-UX account information you will be logged in to your HP-UX system and placed in the directory designated as the ftp-root directory.

Using the ftp client’s cd command, remote users (logged in anonymously) can access:

the ftp-root directory
any of the subdirectories of the ftp-root directory

On the PC - Retrieving a file from the HP-UX System

Once you have made a connection and logged in to your HP-UX system from your PC (See “Establishing an ftp Connection from a PC to HP-UX”) you are ready to retrieve a file from the HP-UX system.

Locate the file you want to retrieve from your HP-UX system. You can use ftp’s cd and ls commands pretty much as you would in an HP-UX shell (sh, ksh, csh, etc.). If it is not in the home directory for the HP-UX account that you logged in to, use ftp’s change directory command (“cd”) to move to the directory on the HP-UX system where the file exists.

Determine whether the file you are trying to transfer is an ASCII file or a binary (non-ASCII) file and set the transfer mode accordingly:

For ASCII (plain text) files, set the transfer mode using ftp’s ascii command:
ftp> ascii
This enables character conversions such as end-of-line carriage return stripping to occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

For binary files (graphics files, sound files, database files, etc.), set the transfer mode using ftp’s binary command:

ftp> binary

This causes ftp to use an eight bit wide (byte) transfer rather than a seven bit wide (character) transfer. This is very important as most non-ASCII formats are dependent on that eighth bit of each byte! Your binary files will be corrupted if you transfer them using ascii mode.




	TIP: If you are unsure of the format of the file you are transferring (ASCII or binary) set the file type to “`binary`”. ASCII files will not be corrupted if transferred in binary mode, however end-of-line character stripping will not occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

Transfer the file using ftp’s get command.
Example 1: to retrieve the ASCII file “phone.dat” (located in the subdirectory called “data”, under the home directory for your account) from the HP-UX system:
ftp> cd data
ftp> ascii
ftp> get phone.dat
Example 2: to then retrieve the graphics file “net2.jpg” (from the subdirectory called “pics” located under the home directory):
ftp> cd ../pics
ftp> binary
ftp> get net2.jpg

On the PC - Sending a file to the HP-UX System

Once you have made a connection and logged in to your HP-UX system (See “Establishing an ftp Connection from a PC to HP-UX”), you are ready to transfer a file to the your HP-UX system.

On your PC, locate the file you want to send. You can use ftp’s lcd and ! commands to locate the file on your local system if it is not in the directory that was your current working directory at the time you started ftp. If the file is not in your current directory, you can specify a full (absolute) path name for the file you want to send to your HP-UX system, or use ftp’s lcd command to move to the directory containing the file.

Determine whether the file you are trying to transfer to your HP-UX system is an ASCII file or a binary (non-ASCII) file and set the transfer mode accordingly:

For ASCII (plain text) files, set the transfer mode using ftp’s ascii command:
ftp> ascii
This enables character conversions such as those that handle the differences between how the ends of lines are handled between differing types of operating systems (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

For binary files (graphics files, sound files, database files, etc.), set the transfer mode using ftp’s binary command:

ftp> binary




	TIP: If you are unsure of the format of the file you are transferring (ASCII or binary) set the file type to `binary`. ASCII files will not be corrupted if transferred in binary mode, however end-of-line character handling will not occur (See “ASCII End-of-Line Problems”).

Transfer the file using ftp’s send command.
Example 1: To send the ASCII file phone.dat (located in the C:\office_stuff directory on your PC) to your HP-UX system:
ftp> lcd C:\office_stuff ftp> ascii ftp> send phone.dat
— OR —
ftp> ascii ftp> send C:\office_stuff\phone.dat
Example 2: To send the graphics file roadmap.jpg from the current working directory:
ftp> binary ftp> send roadmap.jpg

Mounting File Systems Between HP-UX and PCs

Yet another way of sharing data between HP-UX systems and PCs is to share an HP-UX file system between them using PCNFS. For an example of how to do this see “Third-Party Products”.

Adding PC/NT Systems into the Workgroup

Technical documentation

» Table of Contents

» Index

Hardware Connections

Configuring HP-UX Systems for Terminal Emulation

telnet

Using Telnet to Log in to a PC from an HP-UX System

Using Telnet to Log in to an HP-UX System from a PC

Other Terminal Emulators

Configuring HP-UX Systems for File Transfer

ftp (File Transfer Protocol)

ftp Client Software

ftp Server Software

Establishing an ftp Connection from HP-UX to a PC

On the HP-UX System - Retrieving a File from the PC

On the HP-UX System - Sending a File to the PC

Example 1

Example 2

Establishing an ftp Connection from a PC to HP-UX

On the PC - Retrieving a file from the HP-UX System

On the PC - Sending a file to the HP-UX System

Mounting File Systems Between HP-UX and PCs