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vxassist(1M)

VERITAS Volume Manager
HP-UX 11i Version 1.6: June 2002
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NAME

vxassist — create, relayout, convert, mirror, backup, grow, shrink, delete, and move volumes

SYNOPSIS

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] addlog volume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] convert volume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] growby volume lengthchange [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] growto volume newlength [ attribute...]

vxassist help [alloc | attrs | layout | mirror | options | showattrs | space | usage]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] make volume length [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] maxgrow volume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] maxsize [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] mirror volume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] move volume storage-spec... [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] relayout { volume| plex} [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] remove { volume | mirror | log } volume [storage-spec...] [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] shrinkby volume lengthchange [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] shrinkto volume newlength [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] snapabort volume

vxassist [ options ] snapback snapvolume

vxassist [ options ] snapclear snapvolume

vxassist [ options ] snapshot volume snapvolume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] [ -b ] snapstart volume [ attribute...]

vxassist [ options ] snapwait volume

vxassist [ options ] snapprint [volume]

DESCRIPTION

The vxassist utility is an interface to the VERITAS Volume Manager that:

  • Finds space for and creates volumes

  • Performs volume conversion

  • Adds mirrors and logs to existing volumes

  • Extends and shrinks existing volumes

  • Migrates data from a specified set of disks

  • Provides facilities for the online backup of existing volumes

You specify the appropriate keyword to vxassist to select the action to perform.

Each operation can be applied to only one disk group at a time. For the make operation, attributes that name specific disks can be used to determine a default disk group, according to the standard disk group selection rules described in vxintro(1M). For other operations, the volume operand is used. A specific disk group can be specified with -g diskgroup. When no disk attributes are specified, the make operation defaults to using the rootdg disk group. You can specify an alternate default disk group in a defaults file (/etc/default/vxassist).

Many vxassist operations can take a set of attributes that specify how volumes should be laid out or which sets of disks to build them on, among other things. There are two basic types of attributes: storage specifications, and attribute settings. Storage specification attributes are either simple disk names (for example, disk01), or selected groups of disks (for example, ctlr:c1 specifies all disks on controller 1). You can exclude (negate) storage specification by specifying the exclamation character (!) prefix. For example, you can combine the arguments ctlr:c1 and !target:c1t5 to indicate that storage be allocated from controller 1, but not from SCSI target 5 on that controller.

Other attributes are of the form attrname=value; these additional attributes can specify the type of a volume (mirrored, RAID-5, striped, logged), layout policies (contiguous, spanning), mirroring requirements (mirror across controllers), constraint parameters (constrain allocations to a single controller), and more. See ATTRIBUTES below for a complete list of attribute specifications.

If no non-excluded storage specification attributes are given, any non-reserved, non-volatile, non-spare, non-excluded disk can be used to allocate storage. Attributes may constrain the selection, particularly with respect to the selection of multiple disks. For example, the command:

vxassist make mirvol 500m layout=mirror,log mirror=ctlr !ctlr:c2

requests that vxassist create a new mirrored volume on any disks that are not on controller 2. The selection of disks is constrained by the mirror=ctlr attribute such that no disks within a mirror can be on the same controller as any disks on the other mirror.

Note: Some Volume Manager usage messages, manual pages, and command output contain terms and descriptions related to the VERITAS Storage Replicator for Volume Manager (SRVM). SRVM is not supported in this release, so you should ignore options and fields that refer to RLINK, RVG, and DCM.

KEYWORDS

addlog

Add a log to a volume. There are three types of volumes - mirrored, RAID-5, and replicated. Each volume type has a specific log type - DRL, RAID-5, and DCM respectively. The DRL is a dirty region log, used for fast mirror resynchronization. The DCM is a data change map, used for fast resynchronization of a secondary RVG with its primary. A volume can only have one type of log associated with it at any given time. An attempt to associate a second type of log will fail.

When adding a log, vxassist will make its best attempt at determining the correct type of log to add, even if no logtype attribute is specified. For example, if the volume is part of an RVG, vxassist will create a DCM log.

When adding a log to a volume for the first time, the loglen attribute can be used to specify the length of the log; on adding additional logs, the loglen attribute will be ignored and the existing log length will be used. If a loglen which is too large or small to be practical is specified, vxassist may adjust the length to a reasonable size. If no loglen attribute is supplied, vxassist will pick an appropriate log size. Other attributes can be specified to indicate desired properties for the new allocations. Mirroring constraints do not apply to logs, though storage constraints can be specified that limit the logs to disk sets already used by the volume.

Adding a log to a DRL mirrored volume involves creating a single log subdisk and a new plex to contain that subdisk. The new plex will then be attached to the volume. Adding a log to a RAID-5 volume involves creating a new plex that will be attached to the volume as a log plex. Adding a DCM log to a replicated volume will by default add two logs, each consisting of a log plex and associated subdisk.

convert

Converts a volume layout to a mirror-stripe from a stripe-mirror, or from a mirror-stripe to a stripe-mirror. Also converts to mirror-concat from a concat-mirror, or from a mirror-concat to a concat-mirror.

growby | growto

Increases the length of the named volume to the length specified by newlength (growto), or by the length specified by lengthchange (growby). You specify the new length, or change in length, in Volume Manager standard lengths (see vxintro(1M)). The growto operation fails if the new length is not greater than the current volume length. The length of the volume is increased by extending existing subdisks in the volume, or by adding and associating new subdisks. Plexes that are not already fully populated (that is, sparse) are left unchanged. Log-only plexes are also left unchanged.

Note: When you grow a volume, it's a good idea to grow the file systems that are mounted on the volume (see vxresize(1M)). vxassist does not resize file systems (or other users of the volume, such as databases) that reside on the volume. Applications using the volume must adjust the data on the volume after the shrink operation is initiated.

When a volume is grown, the volume may be converted from one layout to another as a side effect. For example, a volume that has the mirror-stripe layout may be converted to stripe-mirror when it is grown. This kind of conversion is done if vxassist determines that the new volume is too small or large for the original layout. If the new volume layout is inappropriate, you can convert the volume back using the vxassist convert command. See Layout Specifications for a description of the methods used to determine disk layouts.

Note: You cannot resize volumes comprised of different plex layouts. If you try to do so, an error message displays stating that the volume contains differing layouts.

You can specify attributes to indicate properties for the new allocations. Any mirroring constraints still apply between all extensions to the existing mirrors and the other mirrors. Growing of a volume requires that the volume be enabled.

When the size of a replicated volume changes, you can ensure that the size of the DCM is appropriate by removing all the DCM logs and adding them back without specifying the loglen attribute.

help

Displays information on vxassist usage and VxVM attributes. For example, to display information about using vxassist attributes, enter:

vxassist help attributes

make

Creates a volume with the specified name and the specified length. The length is specified as a standard Volume Manager length (see vxintro(1M)). You can specify attributes to indicate various properties and storage locations for the created volume. See Layout Specifications for a description of the methods used to determine disk layouts.

maxgrow

Reports the maximum size a volume can grow given its attributes and given the free storage available.

maxsize

Reports the maximum size a volume could be created with given the attributes specified and given the free storage available.

mirror

Creates a new mirror (or plex) and attaches it to the volume. This operation is allowed only if the volume is enabled. Attributes can be specified to indicate various desired properties and storage locations for the created volume. Attributes that constrain mirroring (such as requiring that mirrors be on separate groups of disks) apply between the existing mirrors of the volume and the new mirror.

move

Moves subdisks within the named volume off the excluded storage specified on the command line. Excluded storage is specified with a prefix of !. The move operation requires that at least one excluded storage specification be given.

If the volume is enabled, subdisks within detached or disabled plexes (or detached log or RAID-5 subdisks) are moved without recovery of data. If the volume is not enabled, stale log or RAID-5 subdisks, or subdisks within STALE or OFFLINE plexes, are moved without recovery; if there are other subdisks within a non-enabled volume that require moving, the move operation fails.

For enabled subdisks in enabled plexes within an enabled volume, the data within subdisks are moved to the new location, without loss of availability (or redundancy) of the volume.

relayout

Changes a volume layout or properties. This operation changes the number of columns in a stripe or the stripe width of a volume. It also converts a volume to or from RAID-5, mirrored, concat-mirrored, striped, or any similar layout.

During the relayout process, a volume may also be converted into an intermediate layout. For example, to convert from a 4-column mirror-stripe to a 5-column mirror-stripe, the volume is first changed to a stripe-mirror before the new column is added.

To change volume vol1 from a 4-column mirror-stripe to a 5-column mirror-stripe, enter:

vxassist relayout vol1 ncol=5 vxassist convert vol1 layout=mirror-stripe

To change volume vol1 from a 4-column stripe-mirror to a 5-column stripe-mirror, enter:

vxassist relayout vol1 ncol=5

If you view the volume with vxprint during this layout conversion, the volume shows several subvolumes that are used during the change, and a more complex configuration than usual.

After the new column is added the volume remains in the stripe-mirror layout. You must use vxassist convert to convert back to a mirror-stripe layout.

Note: If the system crashes during a relayout operation, the process continues. However, if the relayout was a two-stage operation, you must run a vxassist convert command to convert back to the original layout.

remove

Depending on the next keyword (volume, mirror, or log), vxassist deletes the entire volume, one or more mirrors, or one or more logs. When deleting a mirror or a log, you can specify the storage to be removed using the attribute form !diskname (see Storage Specifications below). For example, to remove a mirror on disk01, enter:

vxassist remove mirror vol01 !disk01

See vxplex(1M) for an example of an alternative method of removing a mirror from a volume.

The alloc=, nmirror=, and nlog= also determine the number of mirrors or logs remaining after the remove operation completes. When the number of mirrors drops to 1, logs are also removed. By default, vxassist removes 1 mirror or 1 log.

shrinkby | shrinkto

Decrease the length of the named volume to the length specified by newlength (shrinkto), or by the length specified by lengthchange (shrinkby). You specify the new length, or change in length, in Volume Manager standard lengths (see vxintro(1M)). The shrinkto operation fails if the new length is not less than the current volume length.

The length of a volume is decreased by removing and shortening subdisks to leave each plex with the requested volume length. The freed space can then be allocated for use by other volumes. Log-only plexes are left unchanged.

When a volume is shrunk, the volume may be converted from one layout to another as a side effect. For example, a volume that has the mirror-stripe layout may be converted to stripe-mirror when it is shrunk. This kind of conversion is done if vxassist determines that the new volume is too small or large for the original layout. If the new volume layout is inappropriate, you can convert the volume back using the vxassist convert command. See Layout Specifications for a description of the methods used to determine disk layouts.

Note: You cannot resize volumes comprised of different plex layouts. If you try to do so, an error message displays stating that the volume contains differing layouts.

Caution: Data can be lost or corrupted if file systems residing on the volume are not shrunk before shrinking the volume. Use the vxresize command to shrink file systems on the volume (see vxresize(1M)). vxassist does not resize file systems (or other users of the volume, such as databases) that reside on the volume. Applications using the volume must adjust the data on the volume before the shrink operation is initiated.

snapabort

When a snapstart mirror has been started (and eventually completed), the snapabort can be used to remove the mirror snapshot.

snapstart

Create a temporary mirror and attach it to the named volume. When the attach completes, the mirror will be considered a candidate for selection by the snapshot operation. Attributes can be specified to indicate desired properties of the snapshot mirror.

snapshot

The snapshot operation takes one of these attached temporary mirrors and creates a new volume with the temporary mirror as its one plex.

Some usage types will attempt to synchronize any in-memory data associated with the volume (such as unwritten file system modifications) when the snapshot operation is done. In particular, if the fsgen usage type is used with a volume containing a VxFS file system, then cooperating procedures ensure that all file system data is consistently flushed to the volume. For hfs and other file system types, the synchronization operation consists of a call to sync, which will make the snapshot a better image, but which may leave some inconsistencies between in-memory file system data and the data residing on the backup image.

The snapshot command accepts more than one volume. All the given volumes are split atomically (in a single transaction). That is, all the given volumes are relatively consistent as a result of taking the snapshot. The use of the useopt allvols without giving any volume names will attempt to create a sufficiently long vxplex command to snapshot all the volumes in the disk group. Additionally, a new useopt, -o name=pattern, allows you to specify a name for the new volume. Otherwise, the default is SNAP<unique_number>-<volname>.

snapwait

If a snapstart mirror attach is done as a background task (such as using the -b option), it may be convenient to wait for an attached mirror to become available. The snapwait operation waits for such an attach to complete on the named volume. When a snapshot attach has completed, the operation exits.

snapback

Finds a plex in the volume with the snap_rid set and attaches it to the original volume. If the plex is the last plex in a volume, the volume is removed from the disk group. The direction of the resync can be determined by using the useopt -o resyncfromoriginal or -o resyncfromreplica. To choose the volume as the preferred copy of the data, use -o resyncfromoriginal. To choose the replica as the preferred copy of the data, use -o resyncfromreplica.

snapclear

Clears the snap_rid field of the volume and clears the FMR (fast mirror resynch) map. snapback cannot be invoked after snapclear is used.

snapprint

Displays the associations between the original volumes and their respective replicas. If a volume is given, it displays output for that volume or it displays an error message. The error message is displayed if FMR maps are not enabled for that volume. In the following example, stressdg is a disk group. stressvol5 is the volume name. V and v indicate the volume, RP and rp indicate replica plex, and RR indicates the replica record ID.

vxassist -g stressdg snapprint stressvol5 NAME USETYPE LENGTH RP NAME VOLUME LENGTH RR PLEXRID v stressvol5 fsgen 20971520 rp stressvol5-01 snapvol5 20971520

OPTIONS

-b

Performs extended operations in the background. This option applies to plex consistency recovery operations for vxassist make, growto, growby, to plex attach operations started by vxassist mirror, vxassist snapstart, to relayout operations started by vxassist relayout, and to the addlog, convert, maxgrow, maxsize, move, and remove operations.

-d defaults

Specifies a file containing defaults for various attributes related to volume creation and space allocation. If not specified, this defaults to /etc/default/vxassist.

-f

Forces operations not usually allowed by vxassist.

-g diskgroup

Specify the disk group for the operation, either by disk group ID or by disk group name. By default, the disk group is chosen based on the medianame operands (if any) for the vxassist make operation, or based on the volume operands for all other operations.

-n

Do not read the system defaults file.

-o useopt

Pass in usage-type-specific options to the operation. A certain set of operations are expected to be implemented by all usage types:

slow[=iodelay]

Reduce the system performance impact of copy operations. Copy and plex consistency recovery operations are usually a set of short operations on small regions of the volume (normally from 16 kilobytes to 128 kilobytes). This option inserts a delay between the recovery of each such region. A specific delay can be specified with iodelay as a number of milliseconds, or a default is chosen (normally 250 milliseconds).

iosize=size

Perform copy and recovery operations in regions with the length specified by size, which is a standard Volume Manager length number (see vxintro(1M)). Specifying a larger number typically causes the operation to complete sooner, but with greater impact on other processes using the volume. The default I/O size is typically between 4 and 128 kilobytes.

name=pattern

Allows you to specify a pattern that the utilities use to make the name of the new volume. The pattern consists of characters and attributes. If you do not specify a name for the new volume, the default, SNAP%d-%v, is used.

%v

Volume name.

%m

Mirror's original name.

%g

Diskgroup name.

%d,%x,%X

Serialization integers expressed as a decimal integer, a lower-case hex integer, or an upper case hex integer.

%s,%S

Serialization strings expressed as a lower or upper case letters or a sequence of letters.

%%

Percent character.

allvols

Takes a snapshot of all the volumes in the disk group. An error results if one or more volumes do not have a usable snapplex.

-p

For use with maxsize and maxgrow. Prints only the maximum size with no text wrappers.

-r

Tells vxassist to include the spare disks (the disks reserved for relocation) in the calculation.

-t tasktag

If any tasks are registered to track the progress of an operation, mark them with the tag tasktag. This option is passed to utilities called by vxassist, so any child tasks are also tagged with tasktag. The tag specified by tasktag is a sequence of up to 16 alphanumeric characters.

-U usetype

Limit the operation to apply to this usage type. Attempts to affect volumes with a different usage type will fail. For a vxassist make operation, this indicates the usage type to use for the created volume. Otherwise, the default is used and is determined by the existence of an entry in the /etc/default/vxassist file or else is set to the fsgen usage type.

-v

Traces calls to other utilities to determine which VxVM commands vxassist is executing.

Hardware-specific Options

Some environments provide guidelines to optimize the Volume Manager's interaction with intelligent storage systems. If these guidelines are present, the Volume Manager follows the guidelines when creating volumes or allocating space for volumes. By default, vxassist only creates volumes that conform with these guidelines. The following options change the behavior of vxassist make:

-o override

Creates the specified volume and ignores any storage-specific guidelines. Overriding the guidelines is not recommended as it can result in incompatible objects, or objects that cannot be administered by some utilities.

-o verify

Verifies that the specified volume can be created without violating any storage-specific guidelines, but does not create the volume. If any guidelines are violated, vxassist exits with an error message.

Refer to the vendor-specific documentation for more information on how intelligent storage systems can interact with VERITAS Volume Manager.

ATTRIBUTES

Attribute values for various purposes can be specified with arguments of the form attribute=value. Attributes can also be passed in through a defaults file. Default attribute values can be stored in the file /etc/default/vxassist.

Attributes are selected according to the order in which they are scanned. In general they are taken in decreasing priority of being specified on:

1.

The command line.

2.

The specified defaults file (as supplied with the -d command line argument).

3.

The system defaults file (as specified in /etc/default/vxassist).

Attributes from all sources have the same form. However, in some cases, command-line attributes change default behaviors in ways that defaults-file supplied attributes do not. In particular, references to mirroring (such as specifying a mirror count) or logging (such as specifying a log count or length) on the command line will cause mirroring or logging to happen by default. If such attributes are specified in a defaults file, then they just indicate the attributes that would be used if mirroring or logging were enabled.

Attributes are either storage specifications (possibly negated), or are in the form attribute=value. In a defaults file, attributes are separated by a space or are on separate lines. Blank lines in a defaults file are ignored, and comments can be included with the standard # convention.

Storage Specifications

Storage specification attributes have one of the following forms:

[!]diskname

Specify (or exclude) the given disk. diskname refers to a disk media record name in a Volume Manager disk group.

[!]diskclass:instance

Specify (or exclude) a set of disks. diskclass names a particular type of disk grouping (for example, ctlr to indicate groups of disks on a single controller), and instance specifies which grouping of that type (for example c1). Each type of disk class has a particular format for specifying instances of the class.

diskclass:same

Specify that the allocation must be constrained to include disks from the same instance of the given class. For example, a storage specification of diskparam:same indicates that all disks selected must have the same basic parameters (tracksize, cylinder size, size, and revolutions-per-minute), but does not specify which specific parameters to use.

The defined disk classes (and alternate names, or aliases, for those classes) are as follows:

ctlr (alias c, ctrl, cntrl, controller)

Specify disks from a particular controller. The controller is identified in the form c#, where # is a decimal controller number starting at 0.

da

Specify a specific Volume Manager disk by disk access record name. An example of a disk access record name is c2t1d0, which indicates a special Volume Manager disk defined on system disk c2t1d0.

device (alias d)

Specify all Volume Manager disks on a specific physical disk. The physical disk is specified in the form c#t#d#, which indicates the controller, target, and disk numbers. Typically, only one Volume Manager disk device is created for each physical disk.

diskrpm (alias rpm)

Specify disks with a particular number of revolutions per minute. The revolutions per minute is given as a simple decimal number.

dm (alias disk)

Specify a Volume Manager disk by disk media record name, in the disk group of the volume. Specifying a disk class type of dm or disk is equivalent to giving a storage specification with no disk class name.

target (alias t)

Specify disks on the same SCSI target address in the same controller. The target is specified in the form c#t#. For example, t:c2t4 selects disks on target 4 of controller 2.

Other Attributes

Other attributes are of the form attribute=value. The attribute name in an attribute value pair will never contain a colon, so it is possible to specify a disk that has an equal sign in its name using the storage specification dm:disk01=a. Without the dm: prefix, disk01=a would yield an error indicating an unrecognized attribute.

Defined attributes (and common aliases) are:

alloc=storage-spec[,storage-spec,...]

This is provided as an alternate syntax for specifying storage as single attributes. It is useful in a defaults file, so that all attributes (including storage specifications) will be in the attribute=value format. Any number of storage specifications can be specified, separated by commas. More than one alloc attribute can be specified, in which case they are logically concatenated to form one longer list.

comment=comment

Specify a comment to give to a volume when it is created. This comment can be displayed with vxprint -l, and can be changed, at a later time, with vxedit set. This attribute is used only with the make operation.

diskgroup=disk-group (alias: dg)

Specify the disk group for an operation. If a disk group is specified in a defaults file, then it just specifies the default disk group to use for the make operation, if no other means of determining the disk group can be used. If specified as a command line attribute, it has the same effect as specifying a disk group with the -g option (the operation is forced to apply to the given disk group).

excl=yes|y|on|true|no|n|off|false

Sets or clears the EXCLUSIVE flag on the volume. A volume in exclusive open state can be opened by only one node in the cluster at a time. Multiple opens of an exclusive volume from the same node are permitted. Non-exclusive volumes can be simultaneously opened by more than one node. After a node opens an exclusive volume, every other node's open attempt fails until the last close of the volume by the first opener. Such an open failure returns a EBUSY error code. Available only if the Volume Manager cluster feature is enabled.

fstype=file-system-type

Specify the file system type for a new volume (this is used only with the make operation). The file system type for a volume is usually determined when needed by running the fstyp utility (see fstyp(1M)), but can be specified explicitly. The file system type parameter is used with the Volume Manager vxresize utility, as well as with volume snapshots, copies, and dissociates (to select features that are used with the VERITAS VxFS file system).

The file system type can be changed at any later time with the vxedit set operation.

group=owning-group

Set the group ID for a new volume. The group ID can be specified numerically or with a system group name. This attribute is used only with the make operation. By default, volumes are created with group 0.

init=initialization-type

Specify the means for initializing a new volume. The default method (which can be selected explicitly with init=default) is to call vxvol start to do a usage-type-specific default initialization operation. A new volume can be left uninitialized with init=none. The most useful non-default initialization that can be specified is init=zero, to clear the volume before enabling it for general use.

layout=layout-spec[,layout-spec,...]

Specify a plex layout type (RAID-5, mirrored, unmirrored, striped, cylinder alignment), and turn some features on and off (such as logging). The list of layout specifications is given in the next section. By default, unmirrored, non-striped volumes are created without a log.

loglen=length

Specify a log length to use for dirty-region log subdisks for mirrored volumes, for RAID-5 log plexes, or for DCM log plexes for replicated volumes. By default, specifying a log length on the command line creates a log. Associating a log with a mirrored or RAID-5 volume is sufficient to enable its use.

The DCM log must be enabled using the vxrlink command. This is because it is used for failure recovery and synchronization of replicated volumes.

logtype=type

Specify the type of logging for a mirrored or replicated volume:

dcm

Select DCM logging.

drl

Select dirty region logging (default behavior).

drlseq

Select sequential dirty region logging. This is identical to drl except that the number of dirty bits that can be set in the DRL is limited to the value of the tunable voldrl_max_seq_dirty (default value is 3). This is useful on volumes that are usually written to sequentially, such as database log volumes. Limiting the number of dirty regions allows for faster recovery if a crash occurs. However, if applied to volumes that are written to randomly, this type of logging can be a performance bottleneck as it limits the number of parallel writes that can be carried out.

none

Disable logging.

region

Select dirty region logging; identical to drl.

RAID-5 logging is automatically selected when a log is added to a RAID-5 volume; there is no specific logtype for this type of logging.

If logtype is not specified for a volume, vxassist attempts to create the optimal type of log.

max_nraid5column=number

(alias: maxraid5columns, max_nraidcolumn, max_nraid5stripe, max_nraidstripe, maxraidcolumns, maxraid5stripes, maxraidstripes)

Specify the default maximum number of stripe columns for a RAID-5 volume (default value is 8). The rules for selecting the default number of RAID-5 stripe columns are described in the nstripe attribute.

max_ncolumn=number (alias: maxcolumns, max_nstripe, maxstripes)

Specify the default maximum number of stripe columns, either for a RAID-5 volume (if max_nraid5stripe is not also specified) or for a striped plex (default value is 8). The rules for selecting the default number of stripe columns is described in the nstripe attribute.

max_regionloglen=length (alias: maxregionloglen)

Specify the maximum default dirty region logging log subdisk length. If the user does not specify the dirty region log length for a volume, when creating the first log for a mirrored volume, vxassist uses a simple formula based on the log length. The default length will not be bounded by max_regionloglen (default value is 32K).

min_ncolumn=number (alias: mincolumns, min_nstripe, minstripes)

Specify the default minimum number of stripe columns for either a RAID-5 volume (if min_nraid5stripe is not also specified) or for a striped plex (default value is 2). The policy for selecting a default number of stripe columns will not be allowed to select fewer than this number of columns.

min_nraid5column=number

(alias: minraid5columns min_nraidcolumn, min_nraid5stripe, min_nraidstripe, minraidcolumns, minraid5stripes, minraidstripes)

Specify the default minimum number of stripe columns for a RAID-5 volume (default value is 3). The policy for selecting a default number of RAID-5 stripe columns will not be allowed to create a RAID-5 volume with fewer than min_nraid5stripe stripe columns.

mirror= +/- number|yes|no|diskclass[,...]

Specify various mirroring parameters. Multiple mirroring parameters can be given, each separated by a comma. A decimal number indicates a specific number of mirrors to create, when creating a mirrored volume (equivalent to nmirror=number). yes indicates that volumes should be mirrored by default (equivalent to layout=mirror). no indicates that volumes should be unmirrored by default (equivalent to layout=nomirror).

Any other mirroring parameters specify that volumes should be mirrored across instances of a particular disk class. For example, mirror=target specifies that volumes should be mirrored between SCSI target addresses. Each mirror can contain disks from any number of instances of the disk class, but different mirrors cannot use disks from the same instance of the disk class.

mirrorconfine=diskclass[,diskclass,...]

Specify a required list of disk classes for mirror confinement constraints. If this attribute is specified, a single mirror is confined to (that is, allocated from) a group of disks belonging to a specific disk class. Multiple mirrors can be allocated from a single disk class. Multiple disk classes cannot be used to allocate a mirror. The following example specifies that each mirror is allocated from devices belonging to a single SCSI target; and multiple mirrors can be allocated from devices belonging to a single SCSI target:

mirrorconfine=scsi_target

mode=permissions

Specify the permissions for the block and character device nodes created for a new volume. The mode can be specified either as an octal number or symbolically. A symbolic mode is specified using the syntax given in chmod(1). This attribute is used only with the make operation. The default mode for a volume gives read and write access only to the owner.

nlog= +/- number, (nlogs, logs)

Specify the number of logs to create, by default, for a RAID-5, mirrored, or replicated volume (presuming that logs will be created). The number of logs to create can be specified independently for RAID-5 or mirrored volumes using the nraid5log and nregionlog attributes.

nmirror= +/- number, (nmirrors, mirrors)

Specify the number of mirrors to create when mirroring a volume (default value is 2).

nraid5log=number

(alias: nraid5logs, raid5logs, nraidlog, nraidlogs, raidlogs)

Specify the number of log plexes to create for a new RAID-5 volume (default value is 1). This attribute is used only with the make operation.

nraid5stripe= +/- number

(alias: raid5stripes, nraid5column, nraidstripe, raidstripes, raidcolumns, nraidcolumn, raid5columns)

Specify the number of stripe columns to use when creating a new RAID-5 volume (the default is to adjust the number to available disks). This attribute is used only with make and relayout operations. For the relayout operation, the default is the same number of stripe columns the volume has. For the relayout, this value can be preceded by a + or a - to add or subtract column(s).

nregionlog=number (alias: nregionlogs, regionlogs, ndrl)

Specify the number of log subdisks to create for a new mirrored volume (default value 1). This attribute is used only with the make operation, and only if logging is requested for the volume.

nstripe= +/- number

(alias: stripes, ncolumn, ncolumns, ncol, ncols, columns, cols)

Specify the number of stripe columns to use when creating a new RAID-5 volume (with the make operation) or when creating a striped plex (with the make, relayout, mirror, and snapstart operations). The default is to adjust to the number of available disks. For the relayout operation, the default is the same number of stripe columns the volume has. For the relayout, this value can be preceded by a + or a - to add or subtract column(s).

probe_granularity=size

The granularity is a result of the maxsize request. The default size value is 1M.

raid5_stripeunit=width

(alias: raid5_stwid, raid5_st_width, raid5_stwidth, raid_st_width, raid_stripeunitsize, raid5_stripeunitsize, raid5_stripeunitwidth, raid_stwid, raid_stwidth, raid_stripeunit, raid_stripeunitwidth)

Specify the stripe unit size to use when creating a new RAID-5 volume (default value is 16K). This attribute is used only with the make operation.

raid5loglen=length, (alias: raidloglen)

Specify the log length to use when adding the first log to a RAID-5 volume. The default is four times the full stripe width (the stripe unit size times the number of stripe columns).

regionloglen=length, (alias: drlloglen, drllen)

Specify the log subdisk length to use when adding the first log subdisk to a mirrored volume. The default is chosen based on a formula involving the volume length.

stripe=diskclass[,...]

Specify that volumes should be striped across instances of a particular disk class. For example, stripe=target specifies that volumes should be striped between SCSI target addresses. Each column can contain disks from any number of instances of the disk class, but different columns cannot use disks from the same instance of the disk class.

stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt=size

This size specification triggers the creation of a stripe-mirror volume. If the size of the volume is greater than the size specified in this attribute, then a stripe-mirror volume is created.

stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt=size

This size specification triggers the creation of a stripe-mirror-sd volume. If the size of each column is greater than the size specified in this attribute, then a stripe-mirror-sd volume is created.

stripe_stripeunit=width

(alias: stripe_stwid, stripe_stwidth, stripe_st_width, stripe_stripeunitsize, stripe_stripeunitwidth)

Specify the stripe unit size to use when creating striped plexes to attach to a volume. When attaching a new plex, the default is to use the same stripe unit size as any other striped plexes in the volume. If the volume does not yet contain striped plexes, the default value is 64K.

stripeunit=width

(alias: stwid, stripewidth, stwidth, st_width, stripe_width, stripeunitsize, stripeunitwidth)

Specify the stripe unit size to use for either a RAID-5 volume or for striped plexes. stripeunit can be used to set the values for both raid5_stripeunit and stripe_stripeunit.

tmpsize=size

Specify the space to be used as temporary storage in order to perform a relayout operation.

tmpalloc=storage-spec[,storage-spec,...]

Specify a set of storage specifications for the temporary storage required during a relayout operation. The format is the same as for the alloc attribute (a comma-separated list of storage specifications).

user=owning-user

Specify the user ID for a new volume (default value is root). The user ID can be specified numerically or it can be a system login name. This attribute is used only with the make operation.

usetype=volume-usage-type

Specify the usage type to use when creating a new volume (default value is raid5 for RAID-5 volumes; fsgen, otherwise). This attribute is used only with the make operation. The usage type can also be specified in the option list with -U.

wantalloc=storage-spec[,storage-spec,...]

Specify a set of desired storage specifications. This is useful in a defaults file to indicate desired storage specifications that should be discarded if they fail to yield a reasonable set of allocations. The format is the same as for the alloc attribute (a comma-separated list of storage specifications).

For example, a defaults file can name a specific controller type to use for allocations, if possible. As soon as all disks on that type of controller are full, other controllers will be used.

wantmirror=diskclass[,diskclass,...]

Specify a desired list of disk class mirroring specifications. This is useful in a defaults file to indicate a set of desired mirroring constraints that can be dropped if they fail to yield a reasonable set of allocations.

For example, a defaults file can specify that volumes should be mirrored between disks on different controllers in the system. Then, if the set of volumes builds up in such a way that a new volume cannot be mirrored across controllers, this constraint will be dropped.

wantmirrorconfine=diskclass[,diskclass,...]

Specify a list of disk classes for mirror confinement constraints. A single mirror is confined to (that is, allocated entirely from) a group of disks belonging to a single disk class.

This is useful in a defaults file to indicate a set of mirror confinement constraints that can be dropped if they fail to yield a reasonable set of allocations. For example, a defaults file can specify that a single mirror be confined to disks of the same vendor:

wantmirrorconfine=vendor

If vxassist cannot allocate a mirror from disk devices of one vendor, this constraint is dropped and the mirror is allocated from disk devices of other vendors.

wantstripe=diskclass[,diskclass,...]

Specify a desired list of disk class stripping specifications. This is useful in a defaults file to indicate a set of desired stripping constraints that can be dropped if they fail to yield a reasonable set of allocations.

For example, a defaults file can specify that volumes should be striped between disks on different controllers in the system. Then, if the set of volumes builds up in such a way that a new volume cannot be striped across controllers, this constraint will be dropped.

Layout Specifications

The layout attribute specifies a comma-separated list of simple parameters (with no arguments) that apply to vxassist operations.

Two new layouts were added in the 3.0 release of Volume Manager: stripe-mirror and concat-mirror. In previous releases, whenever mirroring was used, the mirroring had to happen above striping or concatenation. Now there can be mirroring both above and below striping and concatenation.

Putting mirroring below striping mirrors each column of the stripe. If the stripe is large enough to have multiple subdisks per column, each subdisk can be individually mirrored. A similar concatenated volume would also mirror each subdisk individually. These new layouts enhance redundancy and reduce recovery time in case of an error. In a mirror-stripe layout, if a disk fails, the entire plex is detached, thereby losing redundancy on the entire volume. When the disk is replaced, the entire plex must be brought up to date. Recovering the entire plex can take a substantial amount of time. If a disk fails in a stripe-mirror layout, only the failing subdisk must be detached, and only that portion of the volume loses redundancy. When the disk is replaced, only a portion of the volume needs to be recovered.

The new volume layouts are more complex than the older volume layouts. Because the advantages of recovery time and improved redundancy are more important for larger volumes, it is best to continue using mirror-stripe and mirror-concat for most volumes and only use stripe-mirror and concat-mirror for very large volumes.

You can specify layout=mirror-stripe or layout=stripe-mirror to implement the desired layout. If you specify layout=mirror-stripe, vxassist automatically determines the best layout for the volume. Unless there is a reason to implement a particular layout, it is best to let vxassist create the layout for each volume. Because the advantages of the new layouts are related to the size of the volume, vxassist creates the simplest configuration for smaller volumes and the more complex stripe-mirror for larger volumes.

The attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt control the selection. They can be set in /etc/default/vxassist. Volumes that are smaller than stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt are created as mirror-stripe, and volumes that are larger are created as stripe-mirror. If vxassist creates the stripe-mirror and the columns are larger than stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt, the individual subdisks are mirrored instead of mirroring the columns of the stripe. By default, both of these attributes are set to one gigabyte.

The diskgroup must be created on a 3.0 or later release to use the new layouts, but older diskgroups can be updated. See the vxdg upgrade command for more information on upgrading diskgroups.

Defined layout specifications are:

concat-mirror

New volumes should be concatenated and mirrored. The mirroring is handled at each a subdisk level. The attribute stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt is applied.

contig, nocontig

Disallow or allow (default) plexes, regular stripe columns, or RAID-5 stripe columns from using multiple regions of disk. If contig is specified, then plexes and columns must be allocated from a single contiguous region of disk. If this is not possible, the allocation fails. By default, vxassist tries to allocate space contiguously, but will use multiple regions or multiple disks if needed.

diskalign, nodiskalign

Align (default) or do not align subdisks on cylinder boundaries. When alignment is not disabled, subdisks are created beginning on cylinder boundaries and are extended to match the end of a cylinder. Dirty region log subdisks, however, are not cylinder aligned (they are usually only 2 or 3 blocks long). Instead, when creating log subdisks, spaces are located from the available disks that could not be turned into regular subdisks because the spaces aren't cylinder aligned. For example, once one cylinder is used for a log subdisk, that cylinder cannot be used to create an aligned data (or RAID-5 log) subdisk, so other log subdisks will be created there until that cylinder fills up.

grow, nogrow

Allows a volume to grow during a relayout operation.

log, nolog

Create (or do not create) dirty region logs (for mirrored volumes) or log plexes (for RAID-5 volumes) when creating a new volume. This attribute can be specified independently for mirrored and RAID-5 volumes with the raid5log and regionlog layout specifications. The current implementation does not support the creation of DCM logs in the layout specification.

mirror, nomirror, raid5

New volumes should be mirrored, unmirrored (default), or RAID-5, respectively. For mirror, the attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt are applied.

mirror-concat

New volumes should be mirrored. The mirroring is done at the volume level. The attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt are ignored with this layout.

mirror-stripe

New volumes should be mirrored and striped. The mirroring is done at the volume level. The attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt are ignored with this layout.

raid5log, noraid5log

Create (default) or do not create log plexes for RAID-5 volumes.

regionlog, noregionlog

Create or do not create (default) dirty-region log subdisks for mirrored volumes.

shrink, noshrink

Allows a volume to shrink during a relayout operation.

span, nospan

Allow (default) or disallow plexes, regular stripe columns, or RAID-5 stripe columns from spanning multiple disks. If nospan is indicated, then plexes or columns can be formed from multiple regions of the same disk, but cannot be formed from more than one disk.

stripe, nostripe

New plexes should be striped or unstriped, respectively. When creating a new volume, the default is nostripe. When adding a new plex to an existing volume, the default is stripe if the volume already has one or more striped plexes, and nostripe in other cases. For stripe (when combined with mirror, the attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt are applied.

stripe-mirror

New volumes should be striped and mirrored. The mirroring is handled at each column level or subdisk level depending on the attribute stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt.

stripe-mirror-col

New volumes should be striped and mirrored. The mirroring is handled at each column level. The attributes stripe-mirror-col-trigger-pt and stripe-mirror-col-split-trigger-pt are ignored with this layout.

stripe-mirror-sd

New volumes should be striped and mirrored. The mirroring is handled at each a subdisk level.

FILES

/etc/default/vxassist

System default settings file for vxassist attributes.

EXIT CODES

The vxassist utility exits with a non-zero status if the attempted operation fails. A non-zero exit code is not a complete indicator of the problems encountered, but rather denotes the first condition that prevented further execution of the utility.

See vxintro(1M) for a list of standard exit codes.

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