ld(1)

Specify whether shared or archive libraries are searched with the -l option. The value of search should be one of archive, shared, archive_shared, shared_archive, or default. This option can appear more than once, interspersed among -l options, to control the searching for each library. The default is to use the shared version of a library if one is available, or the archive version if not.

If either archive or shared is active, only the specified library type is accepted.

If archive_shared is active, the archive form is preferred, but the shared form is allowed.

If shared_archive is active, the shared form is preferred but the archive form is allowed.

To create a statically-bound program, use the -noshared option rather than -a archive .

Create a shared library rather than a normal executable file. Object files processed with this option must contain position-independent code (PIC), generated by default by the compiler. See the discussion of position-independent code in cc(1), aCC(1), f90(1), as(1), and Linker and Libraries Online User Guide.

Read ld options from a file. Each line contains zero or more arguments separated by white space. Each line in the file, including the last line, must end with a newline character. A # character implies that the rest of the line is a comment. To escape a # character, use the sequence ##.

Force definition of ``common'' symbols; that is, assign addresses and sizes, for -r output.

This option is the default. Instructs the linker to produce a dynamically linked executable (a program which can use shared libraries). This option is the complement of -noshared.

If no shared libraries are linked in, the linker builds a dynamically linked executable. However, in PA32-bit mode using the +compat option, if no shared libraries are linked in, the linker builds a statically bound executable (or archive bound executable).

For dynamically linked executables, the dynamic loader is involved in the process of loading the executable, regardless of whether it was linked with shared libraries. For -noshared (or statically bound) programs, control does not pass to the dynamic loader. See dld.so(5) for more information.

Set the default entry point address for the output file to be that of the symbol epsym. (This option only applies to executable files.)

Prior to writing the symbol table to the output file, mark this name as ``local'' so that it is no longer externally visible. This ensures that this particular entry will not clash with a definition in another file during future processing by ld. If used when building a shared library or program, this option prevents the named symbol from being visible to the dynamic loader.

You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the -h option.

Specify a mapfile that describes the output file memory map.

Please refer to HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide guide and the +nodefaultmap for more information.

Search a library libx.a, libx.so, or libx.sl, where x is one or more characters. The current state of the -a option determines whether the archive (.a) or shared (.sl or .so) version of a library is searched. Because a library is searched when its name is encountered, the placement of a -l is significant. By default, 32-bit libraries are located in /usr/lib/hpux32. 64-bit libraries are located in /usr/lib/hpux64. If the environment variable LPATH is present in the user's environment, it should contain a colon-separated list of directories to search. These directories are searched instead of the default directories, but -L options can still be used. If a program uses shared libraries, the dynamic loader, /usr/lib/hpux32/dld.so for 32-bit, or /usr/lib/hpux64/dld.so for 64-bit, attempts to load each library from the same directory in which it was found at link time (see the +s and +b options).

Search the library specified. Similar to the -l option except the current state of the -a option is not important. The library name can be any valid filename.

Produce a load map on the standard output.

This option is ignored.

Force the linker to create a fully archive bound program (also called statically-bound executable). Specify /usr/ccs/lib/hpux32/crt0.o or /usr/ccs/lib/hpux64/crt0.o (or equivalent startup code) on the ld command line when you use this option. This option is the complement of -dynamic.

For dynamically linked executables, the dynamic loader is involved in the process of loading the executable, regardless of whether it was linked with shared libraries. For statically linked programs, control does not pass to the dynamic loader.

Create a dynamically linked program if shared libraries are linked in. If no shared libraries are linked in, the linker creates a fully archive bound program. This option is the default in compatibility mode (with the +compat) options. See also the -dynamic and -noshared options.

Produce an output object file named outfile (a.out if -o outfile is not specified).

This option is ignored.

Retain relocation information in the output file for subsequent re-linking. The ld command does not report undefined symbols. This option cannot be used when building a shared library ( -b ) or in conjunction with the -s, -x, or the +ild incremental linking options.

Strip the output file of all symbol table, relocation, and debug support information. (The strip(1) command also removes this information.) This option is incompatible with the -r option and the +ild option.

Note: Use of the -s option might impair or prevent the use of a symbolic debugger on the resulting program.

When building a shared library, causes the linker to resolve all references to the specified symbol to the symbol defined in the library. This option is similar to -B symbolic, but operates on a per symbol basis.

You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the -symbolic option.

Print a trace (to standard output) of each input file as ld processes it.

Enter symbol as an undefined symbol in the symbol table. The resulting unresolved reference is useful for linking a program solely from object files in a library.

You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the -u option.

Display verbose messages during linking. This option is equivalent to +vtype all (see the +vtype option for more information).

Strip local symbols from the output file. This reduces the size of the output file without impairing the effectiveness of object file utilities. This option is incompatible with the -r option and the +ild options. (The incremental linker requires the parts of the output load module which are stripped out with the -x option.)

Note: Use of the -x option might impair or prevent the use of a symbolic debugger on the resulting program.

Indicate each file in which symbol appears. You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the -y option.

Arrange for run-time dereferencing of null pointers to produce a SIGSEGV signal. (This is the complement of the -Z option. -Z is the default.)

This option is ignored and generates a warning message.

Select run-time binding behavior of a program using shared libraries or the binding preference in building a shared library. The most common values for bind are:

Use the +help option or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual for more information on the uses of binding modes.

This option is ignored and generates a warning message.

Set (in hexadecimal) the starting address of the data segment. This option is useful with kernel and embedded applications. The default address for 64-bit mode is 0x6000000000000000 and and the default address for 32-bit mode is 0x40000000.

This option is the default. Export all symbols defined by a program or shared library. To hide individual symbols, use the -h option.

Force load the archive library. Equivalent to +forceload.

This option is ignored and generates a warning.

This option is accepted and ignored.

Strip all unloadable data from the output file. This option is typically used to strip debug information and is incompatible with the +ild option.

Note: Use of the -G option might impair or prevent the use of a symbolic debugger on the resulting program.

Instrument the code to collect profile information upon execution. When an instrumented program is executed, a profile database file is output (by default, named flow.data). The profile data gathered during program execution can be used in conjunction with the -P option. ld invokes /opt/langtools/bin/sin to instrument the output file. This option should not be used with the -P, -O, +ild, or +O options.

NOTE: The recommended method to instrument your programs is to use your compiler's +I option, rather than the ld -I option. If you invoke the linker directly, you must pass the -u__sin_core__, -u__sin_init, and -lsin options to the linker. If you have both an instrumented shared library and an instrumented shared executable that you want to link with that library, you must include the -h__sin_core__ and -h__sin_lookup_ibt options in addition to the -u options.

Search for libx.a, libx.sl, or libx.so, in dir before looking in default locations. You can specify more than one directory, but each must be preceded by the -L option. The -L option is effective only if it precedes the -l option on the command line.

In 32-bit mode only, cause the data to be placed immediately following the text, and make the text writable. Files of this type cannot be shared.

Turn on linker optimizations. Currently the optimization includes the removal of dead procedures.

-O is passed to the linker by the compilers when the +O4 compiler option is selected.

This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

For more details on linker optimizations use the +help option or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual.

Examine the profile database file produced by an instrumented program (see the -I option) to perform profile based optimizations on the code. This option should not be used with the +ild option.

Reorder debuggable functions. Ordinarily -P does not reorder functions from .o files with debugging information, because reordering renders them non-debuggable. This option overrides this and reorders the functions. Reordering is based on link order file produced from flow.data by default. If you specify the -Pd option, the linker does not use flow.data for reordering. This option is incompatible with +ild.

Note: Use of the -Pd option might impair or prevent the use of a symbolic debugger on the resulting program.

Save link order file generated by fdp during linking with -P option into user-specified file. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

Indicate to the linker to use the specified file for the link order file instead of generating it using /usr/ccs/bin/fdp. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

This option is ignored.

Set (in hexadecimal) the starting address of the text (i.e., code) segment. This option is useful with kernel and embedded applications. [The default address for 64-bit mode is 0x6000000000000000, and the default address for 32-bit mode is 0x0400000100000000.] The default address for 64-bit mode is 0x4000000000000000 and 0x04000000. If -N option is specified, the default is 0x1000.

This option is ignored and generates a warning message.

This option is ignored.

Output a message giving information about the version of ld being used.

This is the default. Allow run-time dereferencing of null pointers. See the discussions of -Z and pointers in cc(1). (This is the complement of the -z option.)

Control unsatisfied symbol error reporting. +allowunsats does not flag errors if the resulting output file has unsatisfied symbols. This is the default for relocatable links and shared library builds. +noallowunsats flags an error if the resulting output file has unsatisfied symbols. This is the default for program files.

The +forceload option loads all object files from archive libraries. +noforceload is the default — loads only the required object files from archive libraries. The mode that is selected, either explicitly or by default, remains on until it is changed.

Specify a colon-separated list of directories to be searched at program run-time to locate shared libraries needed by the executable output file that were specified with either the -l or -l: options. This list of directories becomes the embedded path. If either +b is not used or if you specify a single colon (:) as the argument, ld builds an embedded path using all the directories specified by the -L option(s) and the LPATH environment variable (see the +s option).

This option is ignored.

Turn on compatibility mode in the linker — mimic behavior of PA-RISC 32-bit links.

When you use the +noobjdebug linker option to override the effect of the +objdebug compiler option, the linker omits the +objdebug information from the object files (in addition to copying over the debug information to the output file). However, if any object files were the result of previous -r links, the +objdebug information from these files is not omitted. The +nocopyobjdebug option, when used in conjunction with the +noobjdebug option, forces the linker to omit +objdebug information from all object files, including objects generated with the -r option. +copyobjdebug is the default.

+defaultrpath is the default. Include any paths that are specified with -L in the embedded path, unless you specify the +b option. If you use +b, only the path list specified by +b is in the embedded path.

The +nodefaultrpath option removes all library paths that were specified with the -L option from the embedded path. The linker searches the library paths specified by the -L option at link time. At run time, the only library paths searched are those specified by the environment variables LD_LIBRARY_PATH and SHLIB_PATH, library paths specified by the +b linker option, and finally the default library paths.

Used together with the -P option, this option specifies that file should be used as the profile database file. The default value is flow.data. See the discussion of the FLOW_DATA environment variable for more information. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

Output information on procedures that were eliminated by procelim. Equivalent to +vtype rpcelim.

Valid for executables and shared library links. Instructs the linker to dump all external symbols into the file specified by filename. This dumps all external symbols referred to within the load module (a.out or shared library) but not defined within the load module into the specified file. You can pass this file back to your compiler using the -Bextern:filename option. For more information, see the compiler options, -Bextern:filename, -Bhidden, and -Bprotected.

When building a shared library or program, mark the symbol for export to the dynamic loader. Only symbols explicitly marked are exported. When building a shared library, calls to symbols that are not exported are resolved internally.

If you use the +e or +ee option with -B symbolic, references to the symbol specified are resolved internally if defined. The runtime behavior may be different from using +e alone.

You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the +e option.

This option is similar to the +e option in that it exports a symbol. However, unlike the +e option, the +ee option does not alter the visibility of any other symbol in the file. When building a +compat mode executable, by default ld exports only those symbols that are actually referenced by a shared library seen at link time. The +ee option when specified with +compat, has the effect of exporting the specified symbol without hiding any of the symbols exported by default. In a +std mode link, all symbols are exported by default, so +ee is not necessary to make a symbol visible. However, it has the additional side effect of identifying the symbol as necessary, so that it will not be removed when using dead code elimination (+Oprocelim). The +ee option still retains its export behavior if an option such as +hideallsymbols is also given.

You can specify more than one symbol on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each symbol you specify must be preceded by the +ee option.

Instruct the linker to run the fastbind tool on the executable it has produced. The executable should be linked with shared libraries. For more details about fastbind(1), use the +help option, or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

Pass the -u option to the fastbind tool. For more details about fastbind(1), use the +help option, or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

Specify the terminator function to be invoked in forward order, the order the functions appear left to right on the command line.

You can specify more than one terminator function on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each function you specify must be preceded by the +fini option.

The default is +noforceload. +forceload loads all object files from archive libraries. +noforceload loads only the required object files from archive libraries. The selected mode, either explicitly or by default, remains in effect until you explicitly change it.

Enable the global symbol table hash mechanism, used to look up values of symbol import/export entries. The +gst and related options provide performance enhancements through use of global symbol table which improves searching for exported symbols. See dld.so(5) and the HP-UX Linker and Libraries Online User Guide for more information.

This option is ignored.

Request a particular hash array size using the global symbol table hash mechanism. The default value is 1103. The value can be overridden at runtime by setting the _HP_DLDOPTS environment variable to the value -symtab_size prime number. You can set the value using chatr +gstsize size file.

When building a shared library, record internal_name as the name of the library. When the library is used to link another executable file (program or shared library), this internal_name is recorded in the library list of the resulting output file instead of the pathname of the input shared library. That is, if +h is not used, the shared library does not have an internal name and when an executable is built with the shared library, the linker records the library name that it looks at.

If more than one +h option is seen on the link line, the linker uses the first one and emits a warning message.

Start the help browser utility HP-UX Linker and Libraries Online User Guide which comes with the HP-UX operating system. For more information, see to the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual. See manuals(5) for ordering information.

Prevent all the symbols from being exported unless explicitly exported with the +e. This option marks all symbols as "local" in the symbol table. See also the -h and +e options.

Specify incremental linking.

If the output file does not exist, or if it was created without the +ild option, the linker performs an initial incremental link. The output file produced is suitable for subsequent incremental links. The incremental link option is valid for both executable and shared library links.

The following options are incompatible with the +ild option. If you specify one of the following incompatible ld option with +ild, the linker emits a warning message and ignores the +ild option.

The following options are compatible with the +ild option with limitations:

Suppress incremental-linking related warnings. By default, the linker issues all incremental-linking related warnings. This option is ignored if used without +ild or +ildrelink.

Control the amount of padding percentage the incremental linker allocates, relative to sizes of object file structures being padded. By default the linker allocates less than 20% of padding space. This option is ignored if used without +ild or +ildrelink.

Perform an initial incremental link, regardless of the output load module.

In certain situations (for example, internal padding space is exhausted) the incremental linker is forced to perform an initial incremental link. The +ildrelink option allows you to avoid such unexpected initial incremental links by periodically rebuilding the output file.

Specify the initializer function to be invoked in reverse order, the order the functions appear right to left on the command line.

You can specify more than one initializer function on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each initializer function you specify must be preceded by the +init option.

Change the dld path to use the program specified by filename for the "interpreter" program as the dynamic loader. This is useful when using special versions of dld.so for debugging. The default path is /usr/lib/hpux32/uld.so:/usr/lib/hpux32/dld.so for 32-bit programs and /usr/lib/hpux64/uld.so:/usr/lib/hpux64/dld.so for 64-bit programs.

Direct the linker to only create an executable if there were no errors encountered during the link. If there were errors found (system errors or unresolved references), the output file will be removed.

Cause the linker to load all object modules before searching any archive or shared libraries. The linker then searches the archive and shared libraries specified on the command line in left to right order. It repeats the left to right search of the libraries on the command line until there are no more unsatisfied symbols, or the last search added no new definitions. This option is useful if two libraries are specified that have symbol dependencies on each other.

Do not use the default memory map. You must supply a mapfile through the -k linker option.

Disable the default linker behavior of the +gst option to create the .dynhash section for executables or shared libraries. Use this option to eliminate generation of pre-computed hash table information for a library or an executable that is rarely used with the global symbol table lookup scheme or for which the overhead of storing pre-computed hash values is too high. This option has no effect when used with the -r option.

Instruct the dynamic loader to ignore the dynamic path searching environment variables, LD_LIBRARY_PATH and SHLIB_PATH, at runtime. By default, or if you specify the +std option, the dynamic loader looks at the environment variables, that is, the environment variables are enabled. If you specify the +compat option or the +noenvvar option, the option takes effect and the dynamic loader ignores the variables (the environment variables are disabled). See the +compat or +std options. You can display the status of this option in an executable or shared library from the 'shared library dynamic path search' output of the chatr command. See chatr(1) for more information. Generally, this option is used for secure programs.

Override the +objdebug compiler option, and copy all debug information to the executable file. When you use the +objdebug compiler option with any of the -g options, linker leaves the debug information in the object files instead of copying it over to the output file. You can use the +noobjdebug option at link time to force the linker to copy the debug information over to the output file and negate the effect of the +objdebug compiler option. See also +nocopyobjdebug.

With the -r option, allow procedures to be positioned independently. The default is to merge all procedures into a single section.

This option is ignored.

In IC64 (32-bit and 64-bit), the compiler option +srcpos is the default. +srcpos causes the compiler to generate part of the debug information even when the compiler option -g is not specified. The default +srcpos option also causes part of the debug information to be always copied over to the executable file, resulting in larger executables. +srcpos enables the users to profile programs using tools like cxperf, caliper, and sin, even in the absence of -g compilation.

The linker option +nosrcpos can be used to override the default +srcpos compiler option, and strip these debug information during link time. +nosrcpos can also be used with "-g +objdebug" to fully enforce the +objdebug mode (i.e., leaving the debug information in the object files).

Ignore debug information from non-objdebug objects or archives and proceed in +objdebug mode. If you are debugging only files compiled with the +objdebug option, +objdebugonly can improve link time by instructing the linker to bypass the processing of debug information from files compiled with +noobjdebug.

(Use only before the -l option or the name of a shared library.) Cause the linker to add $ORIGIN before the shared library name in the shared library list and set the DF_ORIGIN flag for the output module. At runtime, the dynamic loader determines the current directory of the parent module (object module, shared library, or executable) and replaces $ORIGIN for that directory name. For example,

$ ld -dynamic main.o +origin libx.so -L /usr/lib/hpux32/ -lc

While the +origin option is available, the recommended way to specify $ORIGIN is in the embedded path with the +b option, fo example,

$ ld -dynamic main.o -L /usr/lib/hpux32/ -lc +b \$ORIGIN

For more details on $ORIGIN, use the +help option or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual.

Pads the data segment to a multiple of pagesize with zeros. This can improve page allocation, thus reduce TLB misses by allowing the kernel to allocate fewer, larger data pages. Use of this option increases your output file size.

Pads the text segment to a multiple of pagesize with zeros. This can improve page allocation, thus reduce TLB misses by allowing the kernel to allocate fewer, larger data pages. Use of this option increases your output file size.

Request a particular virtual memory page size that should be used for data. Sizes of 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, 16M, 64M, 256M, D, and L are supported. A size of D allows the kernel to choose what page size should be used. A size of L results in using the largest page size available. The actual page size may vary if the requested size cannot be fulfilled.

This option is ignored.

With the -P option, specify that name should be used as the look-up name in the profile database file. The default is the basename of the output file (specified by the -o option.) This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

Request a particular virtual memory page size that should be used for instructions. See the +pd option for additional information.

This option is ignored.

Specifies the size of the profiling sample counter buckets. Valid values are 16 or 32. See gprof(1) for more details.

This option is the default. Indicate that at run-time, the dynamic loader can use the environment variables SHLIB_PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH to locate shared libraries needed by the executable output file that allow dynamic library searching. Shared libraries that allow dynamic library searching either contain an internal name without the "/" (slash) character (for example, the base name of the shared library pathname) or have no internal name and were specified with either -l or -L, or just the base name of the shared library pathname. The environment variables should be set to a colon-separated list of directories.

In compatibility mode using the +compat option, if both +s and +b are used, their relative order on the command line indicates which path list is searched first (see the +b option). In standard mode (default mode or using the +std option), the order of +s and +b does not affect the dynamic loader search order and the environment variables are always searched first.

This option will cause the paths specified in RPATH (embedded path) to be used before the paths specified in LD_LIBRARY_PATH or SHLIB_PATH, in searching for shared libraries. This changes the default search order of LD_LIBRARY_PATH, SHLIB_PATH, and RPATH (embedded path).

This option is the default. Turn on standard mode of the linker. This option is the complement of the +compat option. Options set on with this option are: -dynamic. Options set off or ignored when this option is specified are: +compat,+noenvvar,-noshared.

Do not output the unwind table. This creates smaller executable sizes. Use this option if you do not need the unwind table for debugging or aC++ exception handling.

Note: Use of the +stripunwind option might impair or prevent the use of a symbolic debugger on the resulting program.

This option is ignored.

This option is ignored.

This option is ignored.

Enable [disable] printing a list of unsatisfied symbols used by shared libraries. The default is +vnoshlibunsats. Some unsatisfied symbols reported by the linker are not required at run time because the modules which reference the symbols are not used.

Produces verbose output about the link operation. type can have the following values:

Specify how the environment for floating-point operations should be initialized at program start-up. By default, all behaviors are disabled. The following flags are supported (upper case flag enables; lower case flag disables):

To dynamically change these settings at run-time, see fesettrapenable(3M).

Specify the name of the initializer function when building a shared library. A shared library may have multiple initializers specified. Initializers are executed in the order that they are specified on the command line.

You can specify more than one initializer function on the command line with multiple option-symbol pairs, that is, each initializer you specify must be preceded by the +I option.

This option is supported for compatibility. Use of the +init and +finioptionsisrecommended. For more details on the initializer function, use the +help option or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual.

This option is ignored.

Enable [disable] the elimination of procedures that are not referenced by the application. The default is +Onoprocelim. Procedure elimination can occur at any optimization level, including level 0. For more details use the +help option or see the HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide manual. This option is incompatible with the +ild option.

This option is ignored and generates a warning message.

This option is accepted and ignored.

This option is accepted and ignored.

This option is accepted and ignored.

This option is ignored and generates a warning message.

Arguments can be passed to the linker through the LDOPTS environment variable as well as on the command line. The linker gets the value of LDOPTS and places its contents before any arguments on the command line.

Specifies default directories to search for library files. See the -l option.

Specifies, at runtime, directories to search for library files. See the -s option and the +help option for the Online HP-UX Linker and Libraries User's Guide for more information.

Determines the locale category for native language, local customs and coded character set in the absence of LC_ALL and other LC_* environment variables. If LANG is not specified or is set to the empty string, a default of C (see lang(5)) is used instead of LANG.

Determines the values for all locale categories and has precedence over LANG and other LC_* environment variables.

Determines the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

Determines the locale category for numeric formatting.

Determines the locale category for character handling functions.

Determines the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

Specifies a directory for temporary files (see tmpnam(3S)).

Specifies the pathname of the browser to display the HP-UX Linker and Libraries Online User's Guide when you use the +help option.

absolute debugger

display call graph profile data

display profile data

C, C++, Fortran symbolic debugger

invoke the HP-UX aC++ compiler

create archived libraries

invoke the HP-UX C compiler

change program's internal attributes

dump information contained in an object file

execute a file

invoke the HP-UX Fortran 90 compiler

invoke the fastbind tool

find ordering relation for an object library

print name list of object file

print section sizes of object files

strip symbol and line number information from an object file

assembler, compiler, and linker output

archive format

execution startup routine

dynamic loader

symbol of the last locations in program

microloader

(Use the +help option)

(See manuals(5) for ordering information)